Biochemistry of sodium

Williams RJP. The biochemistry of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Quart. Revs. Chem. Soc. 1970 24 331-360. 

Free thiocyanic acid [463-56-9] HSCN, can be isolated from its salts, but is not an article of commerce because of its instabiHty, although dilute solutions can be stored briefly. Commercial derivatives of thiocyanic acid are principally ammonium, sodium, and potassium thiocyanates, as weU as several organic thiocyanates. The chemistry and biochemistry of thiocyanic acid and its derivatives have been reviewed extensively (372—374). 

Figure 5.9 The sodium ion/glucose transporter and sodium ion/ amino acid transporter. The biochemistry of the two processes is identical. To maintain electroneutral transport K ion replaces Na ion, via NaVK ATPase. The broader arrow indicates overall effect (i.e. unidirectional) transport.

Creamer, L.K. 1995. Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate and palmitic acid on the equilibrium unfolding of bovine i-lactoglobulin. Biochemistry 34 7170-7176. 

Yeang, H.Y., Yusof, F. and Abdullah, L. (1998) Protein purification for the Lowry assay acid precipitation of proteins in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and other biological detergents. Analytical Biochemistry 265, 381-384. 

Possible toxic reactions of sulfur dioxide are also indicated in Table I. The reaction of bisulfite with aldehydes has a classic position in biochemistry since Neuberg demonstrated in 1918 that the products of fermentation by yeast were altered by the addition of sodium sulfite, which caused the production of equal amounts of the bisulfite addition compound of acetaldehyde and of glycerol. This was concomitant with the blockage of conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol. Addition compounds can also be formed with quinones and with ,/ -unsaturated compounds. None of these reactions has been adequately assessed as a possible contributor to toxicity. 

Rozek, A.. Sparrow, J.T., Weisgraber, K.H., and. Cushley, R. J. (1998) Sequence-specific H NMR resonance assignments and secondary structure of human apolipoprotein C-I in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, Biochemistry and Cell Biology 76, 267-275. 

Chapatwala, K.D., Babu, G.R.V., Armstead, E.R., White, E.M., and Wolfram, J.H. 1995. A kinetic study on the bioremediation of sodium cyanide and acetonitrile by free and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 51/52 717-26. 

Membrane proteins carry out a wide range of critical functions in cells, and they include passive and active transporters, ion chamiels, many classes of receptors, cellular toxins, proteins involved in membrane trafficking, and the enzymes that facilitate electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. For example, the voltage-gated ion channels that facilitate the passive diffusion of sodium and potassium across the axonal membrane are responsible for the formation of an action potential. Active transport proteins establish ion gradients and are necessary for the uptake of nutrients into cells. Soluble hormones bind to membrane receptors, which then regulate the internal biochemistry of the cell. 

Several thiols occur naturally for example, skunk secretion contains 3-methyll-butanethiol and cut onions evolve 1-propanethiol, and the thiol group of the natural amino acid cysteine plays a vital role in the biochemistry of proteins and enzymes (see Introduction, p. 2). Primary and secondary thiols may be prepared from alkyl halides (RX) by reaction with excess sodium thiolate (SN2 nucleophilic substitution by HST) or via the Grignard reagent and reaction with sulfur. Tertiary thiols can be obtained in good yields by addition of hydrogen sulfide to a suitable alkene. Thiols can also be prepared by reduction of sulfonyl chlorides (Scheme l).la,2a... 

Figure 7.4 Conventional production of sodium citrate by utilization of the fungus Aspergillus niger (Adapted from Finogenova, et al. (2005). Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 41 418-425).

Because altered sodium channels have been implicated in kdr and kdr-like resistance phenomena in insects, basic research on the biochemistry and molecular biology of this molecule, which plays a central role in normal processes of nervous excitation in animals, is of immediate relevance. The results of recent investigations of the voltage-sensitive sodium channels of vertebrate nerves and muscles have provided unprecedented insight into the structure of this large and complex membrane macromolecule. Sodium channel components from electric eel electroplax, mammalian brain, and mammalian skeletal muscle have been solubilized and purified (for a recent review, see Ref. 19). A large a subunit (ca. 2 60 kDa) is a common feature of all purified channels in addition, there is evidence for two smaller subunits ( Jl and J2 37-39 kDa) associated with the mammalian brain sodium channel and for one or two smaller subunits of similar size associated with muscle sodium channels. Reconstitution experiments with rat brain channel components show that incorporation of the a and pi subunits into phospholipid membranes in the presence of brain lipids or brain phosphatidylethanolamine is sufficient to produce all of the functional properties of sodium channels in native membranes (AA). Similar results have been obtained with purified rabbit muscle (45) and eel electroplax (AS.) sodium channels. 

Goldman, M. E, andW. Good. 1967. The distribution of sodium, potassium and glucose in the blood of some mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 21 201-206. 

Slaughter, R.S. et al., Inhihition of sodium-calcium exchange in cardiac sarcolemmal membrane vesicles. 1. Mechanism of inhibition by amiloride analogues. Biochemistry, 27, 2403, 1988. 

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