Bio-based solvents

S ome of these efforts to find useful new, ecologically friendly solvents complement each other. Choline chloride forms low-melting mixtures with carbohydrates (Rusz and K5nig, 2012) and lowers the viscosity of glycerol. 

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In contrast to specifying to suppliers what chemicals or materials are restricted, it is useful to specify exactly what chemicals and materials are desired. Once a material or chemical is well characterized, and it is considered benign with respect to human and environmental health, it can be added to a preferred or positive list (i.e., P-list). For example, a textile manufacturer may source certified organic cotton, or polyester made with antimony-free catalysts, to develop a product line based on these fibres. Or a cleaning product formulator may seek bio-based solvents or rapidly biodegradable surfactants consistent with their product development objectives. 

Bray, R. (2003) Bio-based Solvents, SRI Gonsulting, Report No. 206A. 

GuY, Jerome F. Bio-based solvents an emerging generation of fluids for the design of eco-efficient processes in catalysis and organic chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2013 42 9550-70. 

Yanlong Gu et al. [109] summarized recent results of a multicomponent reaction obtained in nonconventional media including water, ILs, polyethylene glycol, and bio-based solvents. Wang et al. [110] have recently reported a three-component reaction in IL (Scheme 7.8). 

Just taking a quick look at the different chapters, one can realize which areas of each field are mature and which can evolve immediately. Although it is very difficult to venture a general trend for the whole area, we could emphasize that there is not a tmly enantioselective version for the mono-activated hydrogen autotransfer reaction. The use of first-row transition metals is almost an unexplored Blue Ocean , in all aspects. Furthermore, the possible impact of green neoteric solvents, including deep eutectic mixtures, supercritical fluids, and bio-based solvents, on the hydrogen transfer process is definitely unknown. 

Sources of Bio-based Solvents Solvent Selection Solvent Polarity... 

An alternative to bio-based solvent production by fermentation is the anaerobic digestion of organic (food) wastes.Solvents that are currently made from natural gas could quite easily be synthesised from the methane produced by anaerobic digestion (Scheme 3.2). A co-product of anaerobic digestion is carbon dioxide, which can also be used as a solvent. 

Some bio-based solvents require no synthesis at all, either because they exist in nature, or they are formed as a waste or by-product of another chemical process. Terpenes isolated by steam distillation or mechanical pressing of food waste can make useful solvents. Limonene from waste orange peel has been shown to be a high performance solvent for... 

The chart in Figure 3.2 is comparable to equivalent graphs of the HSPs, but being purely predictive it can be applied to any bio-based solvent. The closer two solvents are spatially, the more similar they are likely to be in terms of polarity. If a chemist wants to find an alternative to a hazardous solvent, they only need to identify its position among this panorama and... 

A greater awareness of the origin of solvents, and why they are suitable for some reactions but not others, will be an essential quality of the future medicinal chemist. They will also need to embrace unconventional solvents in order to continue practicing the reactions familiar to medicinal chem-istiy. Computational tools such as COSMO-RS are available for solvent selection that can improve the understanding and uptake of bio-based solvents. For example, limonene and p-cymene are bio-based solvent substitutes for traditional hydrocarbon solvents. 

Growing academic interest in the field of neoteric solvents is beginning to permeate into industry, with bio-based solvents well placed to enhance the... 

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