Binders and lubricants

In a critical survey of binders for fuel briquettes, Walters [42,43] notes that hundreds of binders have been patented, investigated or used. Three 

Matrix type Film type Chemical type 

Gilsonite Sucrose Dextrin Lignosulfonates Molasses Alginates  

physical state (liquid, semi-solid and solid), 

The selection of a binder for a given application remains a matter of experience. In Table 2.4, a rating is given for the effectiveness of a selection of binders and lubricants used in the tableting of different materials. Other reviews of binder systems used in fuel briquetting [43], ceramic [45], pharmaceutical [39,46] and foundry [47] applications are available. 

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Common excipients diluents, disintegrators, binders, and lubricants (gUdants). 

Binders improve the strength of compacts through increased plastic deformation or chemical bonding. They may be classified as matrix type, film type, and chemical. Komarek [Chem. Eng., 74(25), 154 (1967)] provides a classification of binders and lubricants used in the tableting of various materials. 

Powders, pastes and melts are pelleted by extrusion through a die followed by cutting. Binders and lubricants may need to be incorporated in the feed, but the process usually is not feasible for... 

Binders and lubricants for tableting. (Courtesy Penn wait Corporation.)... 

Even for a given charge with specific properties the operating variables are rather poorly defined and are closely related to the type of equipment Generally they include temperature, addition of binders and lubricants to modify viscosity and thixotropy, as for example additions of alginates, starch, kaohnitc and montmorillonitc... 

Prior to the sintering and annealing operations in the fabrication of electrolyte tubing, the green-formed shapes are bisque-fired (<1200°C) to remove binders and lubricants During reactive liquid phase sintering of / "-alumina at 1575-1585° C, four processes normally occur in parallel " ... 

The binders and lubricants added to the UO2 powder prior to granulation include materials such as polyethylene glycol (Carbowax), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), paraffin, zinc stearate, or stearic acid. The additives may be incorporated dry (in amounts up to 3 wt %), or in solution (aqueous, in alcohol, or in carbon tetrachloride). The binders... 

K. R. Komarek, Selecting binders and lubricants for agglomeration processes . Chemical Engineeringy Dec. 4, 1967. 

Compressed tablets are formed with a tablet machine. The LSD is diluted into sugar, binder and lubricants and punched into tablets. LSD in this form was most prevalent during the 1960 s thru 1980 s. The cost of tablet equipment, size and weight (tonnage) tends to make this form prohibitive for security reasons. Tablets take up space and can not be easily concealed. Transportation of large quantities of tablets is subject to discovery by law enforcement and breakdown of tablets. 

Rexowax . [Emkay] Wax blends for textile fmislKs, p per mfg. binders and lubricants for starch and gelatin formulations. 

Because of product and equipment design considerations, the forces that can be exerted on the mass to be pelleted are higher than those in low-pressure agglomeration but are still relatively small. Therefore, binders and lubricants (see Section 5.1.2) play an important role for the technology and the product is normally not highly den-sified. 

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