Betaines salts, quaternary

Synonyms Apricot amide propylbetaine Apricotamidopropyl dimethyl glycine N-(Carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3- [(1-oxo-apricot) amino]-1-propanaminium hydroxide, inner salt 1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3- [(1-oxo-apricot) amino]-, hydroxide, inner salt Quaternary ammonium compds., (carboxymethyl) (3-apricotamidopropyl) dimethyl, hydroxide, inner salt Classification Betaine zwitterion Formula RCO-NH(CH2)3N (CH3)2CH2COO, ... 

Surfactants Are the most important components improve the wetting ability of water, emusify and remove soil particles Alkylbenzene sulfates, e.g. linear alkylbenzene sidfonate (LAS) Alcohol sulfates, e.g. Fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS) Alcohol ether sulfates ot-Olefin sulfonates Alcohol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylates Fatty alkanolamides Fatty amine oxides Alkylpolyglucucosides Betaines Imidazolinium salts Quaternary ammonium compounds ... 

Anionic (sulphate or sulphonate) Amphoteric excluding betaine (WW) Quaternary ammonium salt Betaine, amine, amine oxide Sulphobetaine with strongly basic N Nonionic... 

Tertiary amines are also the starting material for the manufacture of quaternaries, amine oxides and alkyl betaines. Salts of amines, together with other surfactants, are used in cosmetics. Their usage is restricted to specialties they exhibit conditioning and antistatic properties in hair care applications. 

A -(2-carboxy-6-nitro-phenyl) pyridinium betaine bis-quaternary salt +... 

The action of methyl iodide on chloro-substituted heterocychcs usually results, in addition to quatemization, in the replacement of the chlorine by iodine if the halogen is in a position alpha or gamma to the quaternary center, particularly so in the former case. This type of replacement is less likely if dimethyl sulfate is used but may still occur to give a sulfate betaine (see Section IV, C). An easy method to obtain a-halogeno-quatemary salts has recently been discovered by Balli and Kersting who reacted the readily accessible triethyloxonium borofluoride 12 with a variety of bases. The very... 

The early stages of the reaction of the quaternary salt can be regarded as proceeding in a manner exactly analogous to that by which the isoxazoles themselves are degraded, the j8-oxoketene imine structure (148) being one mesomeric form of a compound which could alternatively be formulated as a nitrilium betaine. However, by contrast with the products from the isoxazoles (i.e., enolates of /3-keto-nitriles), this is electrically neutral and susceptible to further nucleophilic attack. 

Polyethers, alkanolamides, alkyls, alkylethoxylates, amines, benzyls, carbohydrates, esters, perfluoroalkyls Alkyl-, amidoimidazoline- and carboxy-quaternary ammonium salts Betaines, phosphobetaines, sulfobetaines... 

A broad range of information pertaining to the toxicity of several classes of surfactants including anionic (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkylether sulfates (AES), alkyl sulfates (AS), non-ionic (alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO)), cationic (ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DTDMAC)—a group of quaternary ammonium salts of distearyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC)) and amphoteric surfactants (alkyl-betaines) is available. Several reviews of the scientific literature have been published [3-5,20]. 

The preceding sections demonstrate two important general routes to six-membered heterocyclic mesomeric betaines. These are (i) deprotonation of appropriate quaternary salts and (ii) valence tautomerism of bicyclic isomers. Both approaches have been used to prepare isoquinolinium-4-olates (170) (Scheme 7). 

This same enol betaine was obtained by Flitsch and Gerstmann,46 who also found that benzoylation of the quaternary salt of 2,6-lutidine with phenacyl bromide at room temperature gave the enol ester 24. Benzoylation at elevated temperature or treatment of 24 with base gave the expected indolizine 25 [Eq. (7)]. 

Methods of synthesis leading to pyridinium (imidazolium) azolate inner salts and related compounds with a betaine character 1 can be varied. In almost all cases, their protonated compounds azolylpyridinium (imidazolium) salts with several interannular linkages 2 are useful as synthetic intermediates (Scheme 1). These quaternary salts of nitrogen heteroaromatic compounds 2 allow us to deepen the study of classical reactions and seek suitable alternatives for their preparation. 

PVRIDINIUM (IMIDAZOLIUM) AzOLATE BETAINES AND COMPOUNDS WITH A BeTAINE Character 10-27 Obtained from the Corresponding Quaternary Heteroaromatic Salts 29-40... 

Dealkylation, of azolium quaternary salts and betaines, 60, 244 Deazaflavines, bent, 55, 192 5-Deazalumazines, see Pyrido[2,3-(/]pyrimidine-2,4-diones Deaza-purines, -flavines, etc., see the systematically-named ring systems 4-Deazatoxoflavins, syntheses, 55, 182 Dechlorination, catalytic, of chloro-[ 1,2.4]triazolo[ 1,5-a]pyrimidines, 57, 125... 

Methylation of the 2-thio analogue of xanthine (129) at 170 °(i gave a quaternary salt which with ammonia afforded the betaine (130) in which both 5- and A-methylation has occurred. The analogous compound (131) is similarly produced as a toluene-4-sulfonate salt from 2-amino-6-thioxo-l,6-dihydropurine and methyl toluene-4-sulfonate (62JA1914). 

Two double-methylated purines, both methylated at the imidazole ring, are given by 19 and 20. 7,9-Dimethyladenine is prepared as the perchlorate salt 19 by methylation of N -methoxy-9-methyladenine with iodomethane, conversion of the quaternary iodide to the perchlorate, and hydrogenation of this with a palladium catalyst. Herbipolirie (20) has been isolated from the giant silica sponge. Similar xanthinium betaines (deoxyuric acids) have been described by Bredereck and co-workers. ... 

The quaternary salts 257 (R = R = H, n = 0, 1) were oxidized to compounds 99 ( = 0, 1) by means of cell-free pea extract - or by chromic acid in acidic medium. ° The betaine 260 gave the tetrahydro-pyrrolo[2,l-i>]quinazolin-9-one 95 with 5 molar equivalents of potassium ferricyanide, but the tetrahydropyrrolo[2,l-6]quinazolin-9-ol 186 with 2 molar equivalents of potassium ferricyanide. The action of potassium ferricyanide converted the hexahydropyrrolo[2,l-i ]quinazoline-3a-carbox-ylic acid (327) to the tetrahydropyrrolo[2,l- >]quinazoline 124. ... 

In the course of the synthesis of quaternary triazolopyrimidinium salts, such as 35 (Section II,A,5, Scheme 10), betains 99 are formed along with the salts by autoxidation (Scheme 27) (01CHE338). There are contributions of several 6-oxo resonance structures. 

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