Betaine lipid

Eichenberger, W. 1993. Betaine lipids in lower plants. Distribution of DGTS, DGTA and phospholipids, and the intracellular localization and site of biosynthesis of DGTS. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 31(2) 213-221. 

Benning, C., Z.H. Huang, D.A. Gage, and C.R. Somerville. 1995. Accumulation of a novel glycolipid and a betaine lipid in cells of Rhodobacter sphaeroides grown under phosphate limitation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 327.T03-111. 

Vogel,G., and W. Eichenberger. 1992. Betaine lipids in lower plants. Biosynthesis of DGTS and DGTA in O. danica (Chrysophyceae) and the possible role of DGTS in lipid metabolism. Plant Cell Physiol. 33 427-436. 

A NEW BETAINE LIPID FROM OCHROMONAS DANICA DIACYLGLYCERYL-0-2-(HYDR0XYMETHYL) (N,N,N-TRIMETHYL)-B- ALANINE (DGTA)... 

Ochromonas danica (Chrysophyceae) contains two major membrane lipids first described as lipids A and B (Nichols and Appleby 1969). Lipid A was subsequently identified as the betaine lipid diacyIglyceryl-(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine (DGTS) which is widely distributed among cryptogamic green plants, while the structure of lipid B had not been elucidated so far. 

Chapter 4.1. Nitrogen Containing Compounds. Diacylglyceryl-A,A,A-trimethylhomoserine was found in Cladonia fimbriata, Parmelia saxatilis, Peltigera canina, P. collina, and P. horizontalis (Kunzler K, Eichenberger W (1997) Betaine Lipids and Zwitterionic Phospholipids in Plants and Fungi. Phytochemistry 46 883). 

LIPIDS IN BROWN ALGAE IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW PHOSPHOLIPID AND THE USE OF THE BETAINE LIPID DGTA AS A TAXONOMIC MARKER... 

Eichenberger W, Araki S, Muller DG. Betaine lipids and phospholipids in brown algae. Phytochemistry 1993 34 1323-1333. 

Muller DG, Eichenberger W. Betaine lipid content and species delimitation in Ectocarpus Feldmannia and Hincksia (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae). Eur J Phycol 1994 in press... 

Bar = 50 nm. Samples were prepared at the initial concentrations of 2 raM lipid, 0.22 mM SQDG and 8pg Chla/ml PS II and concentrated by ultracentrifugation in the presence of Mes-Hepes/betaine buffer (pH 7.0). 

Lauryl betaine, cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t Lauryl lactate, cosmetically useful lipid, 7 833t... 

Application of fluid-state PC also initiates biochemical changes in cell cultures. Fluid-state PC increases cellular lipid fluidity and decreases the rate of proliferation of HaCaT human keratinocytes. No toxicity was observed.29 Choline, which is a metabolite of PC and the precursor of the organic osmolyte betaine, is actively transported to the keratinocytes. The relevance of this finding is not understood.30 Acetylcholine is synthesized, secreted, and degraded in human keratinocytes.31 In addition, PLD, which generates choline from PC, is involved in the differentiation of keratinocytes.32... 

Barak, A. J. and Toma, D. J. (1981) Determination of choline, phosphorylcholine and betaine methods in enzymology, Lipids 72 (part D), 287-292. 

Hydrophobically modified polybetaines combine the behavior of zwitterions and amphiphilic polymers. Due to the superposition of repulsive hydrophobic and attractive ionic interactions, they favor the formation of self-organized and (micro)phase-separated systems in solution, at interfaces as well as in the bulk phase. Thus, glasses with liquid-crystalline order, lyotropic mesophases, vesicles, monolayers, and micelles are formed. Particular efforts have been dedicated to hydrophobically modified polyphosphobetaines, as they can be considered as polymeric lipids [5,101,225-228]. One can emphasize that much of the research on polymeric phospholipids was not particularly focused on the betaine behavior, but rather on the understanding of the Upid membrane, and on biomimicking. So, often much was learnt about biology and the life sciences, but little on polybetaines as such. 

Dembitsky VM. Betaine ether-linked glycerolipids chemistry and biology. Prog. Lipid Res. 1996 35 1-51. 

Ionic lipids Lauryl sulfate, dodecyl-2-pyrrolidone, Wdodecyl azacycloheptan-2-one (Azone), ACdodecyl-A, A -dimethyl betaine, calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, dodecyl A, ACdimethylamino (acetate or proprionate), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide... 

The simple oxides [As02] or [As04] (61) are slowly organified to produce simple methylarsonic acids (62), more complex betaines (63), cholines (64), sugar derivatives (65), and lipids (66) (Figure 15). 

Methyl glucose dioleate Milk lipids Minkamidopropalkonium chloride Minkamidopropyl betaine Myreth-4 Myristoyl sarcosine Octyl laurate Oleamidopropylamine oxide Oleamidopropyl dimethylamine Oleth-3 phosphate Oleth-10 phosphate Oleyl betaine Olivamidopropyl dimethylamine lactate Olive (Olea europaea) oil DL-Panthenol PEG-15 cocopolyamine PEG-24 hydrogenated lanolin PEG-27 lanolin PEG-85 lanolin PEG-75 lanolin oil... 

Oleyl arachidate Oleyl betaine Oleyl erucate Oleyl lactate Oleyl lanolate Oleyl linoleate Oleyl myristate Oleyl oleate Oleyl stearate Olive (Olea europaea) husk oil Olive (Olea europaea) oil Olive oil PEG-6 esters Olive oil PEG-10 esters Olive (Olea europaea) oil unsaponifiables Omental lipids Orange (Citrus aurantium dulcis) peel wax Orange roughy oil Orchid (Orchis mascula) extract Ozokerite Ozonized jojoba oil Palm glyceride Palm glycerides Palmitamine oxide Palmitic acid Palmitoyl hydrolyzed collagen... 

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