Beta tocopherol

The dominance of tocopherols, namely, alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta- and the corresponding tocotrienols, depends on the type of oil under investigation. Thus, tocotrienols occur primarily in palm and rice bran oils. Meanwhile, tocopherols are more widely present in different oils. However, their proportions in different oils is dependent on the source material. As an example, sunflower oil contains mainly alpha-tocopherol and very small amounts of other tocopherols, whereas soybean oil contains mainly gamma-tocopherol with decreasing amounts of delta-, alpha-, and beta-tocopherols as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. 

Tocopherols are considered a moderate antioxidant in the peanut oil. The Codex Alimentaris standard for tocopherols in peanut oil (103) indicates a range of 48-373 mg/kg for alpha-tocopherol, 0-140 mg/kg for beta-tocopherol, 88-389 mg/kg for gamma-tocopherol, and 0-22 mg/kg for delta-tocopherol. Total tocopherol... 

Martin-Nizard, F., Boullier, A., Fruchart, J. C., and Duriez, P. (1998) Alpha-tocopherol but not beta-tocopherol inhibits thrombin-induced PKC activation and endothelin secretion in endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Risk 5,339-45. 

Comments less active biologically than alpha tocopherol. Obtained along with alpha tocopherol and gamma tocopherol from natural sources. Beta tocopherol is very stable to heat and alkalis and is slowly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. 

Comments occurs in natural sources along with alpha and beta tocopherol. Gamma tocopherol is biologically less active than alpha tocopherol. Very stable to heat and alkalis slowly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen and gradually darkens on exposure to light. 

BREYER, I. AZZl, A. 2001. Differential inhibition by alpha- and beta-tocopherol of human erythroleukemia cell adhesion Role of integrins. Free Radio Biol Med, 30, 1381-9. 

Alpha-tocopherol Beta-tocopherol Gamma-tocopherol Delta-tocopherol Total (mean)... 

The Czech patent describes a methodology for stabilizing polyolefins by mixture of the polymer with 100 to 50,000ppm (0.01 to 5%) of alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol, or mixtures thereof [9]. Although this patent covers polyolefins, and UHMWPE is, by definition, a polyolefin, UHMWPE was not specifically mentioned, nor were orthopedic hip and knee components. Furthermore, the actual methodology for mixing the polyolefin with vitamin E was also not disclosed by Dolezel and Adamirova. 

The term vitamin E describes a family of eight antioxidants, four tocopherols, alpha (a), beta ((3), gamma (y) and delta (8), and four tocotrienols (also a, (3, y, and 8). a-Tocopherol is present in nature in only one form, RRR a-tocopherol. The chemical synthesis of a-tocopherol results in eight different forms (SRR, SSR, SRS, SSS, RSR, RRS, RSS, RRR), only one of which is RRR a-tocopherol. These forms differ in that they can be right (R) or left (S) at three different places in the a-tocopherol molecule. RRR a-tocopherol is the only form of vitamin E that is actively maintained in the human body and is therefore the form of vitamin E found in the largest quantities in the blood and tissue. A protein synthesized in the liver (a-TTP alpha-tocopherol transfer protein) preferentially selects the natural form of vitamin E (RRR a-tocopherol) for distribution to the tissues. However, the mechanisms for the regulation of vitamin E in tissues are not known... 

Gene regulation by tocopherols has mainly been associated with PKC because of its deactivation by a-tocopherol and its contribution in the regulation of a number of transcription factors (NF-kappaB, API). A direct participation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR)/ retinoid X receptor (RXR) has been also shown. The antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) and the TGF-beta-responsive element appear in some cases to be implicated as well. The obser ved immunmodulatory function of a-tocopherol may also be attributed to the fact that the release of the proinflammatory cytokine interlukin-l 3 can be inhibited by a-tocopherol via... 

ALBANES D, HEINONEN O P, HUTTUNEN J K, TAYLOR P R, VIRTAMA J, EDWARDS B K, HAAPAKDSKI J, RAUTALATHI M, HARTMAN A M and PALMGREN J (1995) Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta carotene supplements on cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol beta-carotene cancer prevention study , Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 1427S-30S. 

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL BETA-CAROTENE (ATBC) CANCER PREVENTION STUDY GROUP (1994) The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers , New Engl J Med, 330, 1029. 

It is well known that excessive intake of P-carotene may lead to carotenodermia (yellow skin), and it is undoubtedly the case that some carotenoid is directly lost via the skin or through photo-oxidation in the skin. As far as is known the carotenoids are not cytotoxic or genotoxic even at concentrations up to 10 times the normal plasma concentration which may cause carotenodermia. However, they are associated with amenorrhoea in girls who may be consuming bizarre diets and, in long-term supplementation studies, with an increase in lung cancer (The Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group, 1994). 

BARTH T J, ZOLER J, KUBELER A, BORN A I and OSSWALD H (1997) Redifferentiation of oral dysplasic mucosa by the application of the anti-oxidants beta-carotene, a-tocopherol and vitamin C. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67(5) 368-76. 

Carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and red blood cells after long-term beta-carotene supplementation in men. Am J Clin Nutr 63(4) 553-8. 

ATBC = Alpha Tocopherol Beta Carotene Prevention Study CARET = The Beta Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial PHYS = Physicians Health Study. 

ALBANES D, HEiNONEN o p, TAYLOR p R, et uL, (1996) a-tocopherol and P-carotene supplementation and Irmg cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study effect of base-line chacteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 88 1560-70. 

Holick, C.N. et al., Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 156, 536, 2002. 

Albanes, D. et al., Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer results from a controlled trial (Finland), Cancer Causes Control, 11, 197, 2000. 

Mafila, N. et al.. Dietary and serum alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, and risk for colorectal cancer in male smokers, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, 56, 615, 2002. 

Tomwall, M.E. et al.. Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on coronary heart disease during the 6-year post-trial follow-up in the ATBC study, Eur. Heart J, 25, 1171, 2004. 

The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group, New Engl. J. Med., 330, 1029, 1994. 

Takahashi, A., Shibasaki-Kitakawa, N., and Yonemoto, T., A rigorous kinetic model for beta-carotene oxidation in the presence of an antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 80, 1241, 2003. 

Liebler, D.C. et al.. Antioxidant actions of beta-carotene in liposomal and microsomal membranes role of carotenoid-membrane incorporation and alfa-tocopherol, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 338, 244, 1997. 

Carvediol is a vasodilator with beta-adrenergic antagonist activity. It has cardioprotective activity in animal models. The antioxidant effect of carvediol was compared with five other beta blockers in iron-initiated lipid peroxidation, where it inhibited TBARs formation and protected membrane-bound tocopherol in rat brain homogenate (Yue et al., 1992a). The ortJ <)-substituted phenoxylethyl-amine is responsible for the improved antioxidant activity. 

Nilsson, J. L. G. Daves, D. G. Folkers, K. The oxidative dimerization of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols. Acta Chim. Scand 1968, 22, 207-218. 

The interaction of carotenoids with cigarette smoke has become a subject of interest since the results of the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group 1994 (ATBC) and CARET (Omenn et al. 1996) studies were released. P-Carotene has been hypothesized to promote lung carcinogenesis by acting as a prooxidant in the smoke-exposed lung. Thus, the autoxidation of P-carotene in the presence of cigarette smoke was studied in model systems (toluene) (Baker et al. 1999). The major product was identified as 4-nitro-P-carotene, but apocarotenals and P-carotene epoxides were also encountered. 

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