Bergmann method

Experimental bulk moduli can be obtained from the measurement of lattice parameters and volumes as a function of pressure [30]. The single crystal elastic moduli can be measured using the Brillouin spectroscopy, inelastic neutron scattering, ultrasonic measurements or the Schaefer-Bergmann method [31]. Once the single crystal moduli are known one can derive the bulk B and shear G moduli of a polycrystalline material [32]. 

Scheme 12.67. An example of the Bergmann method (Bergmann, M. Science, 1934,79,439) for the determination of the amino acid at the carboxylate end of a peptide chain. The details are described in the text.

Hefter U and Bergmann K 1988 Spectroscopic detection methods Atomic and Moiecuiar Beam Methods vol 1, ed G Scoles et a/(New York Oxford University Press) pp 193-253... 

Catalytic hydrogenolysis of an O-benzyl protective group is a mild, selective method introduced by Bergmann and Zervas to cleave a benzyl carbamate (> NCO—OCH2C6H5 > NH) prepared to protect an amino group during pep-... 

In extending this direct method of synthesis, we next investigated the possibility of preparing similarly constituted halides from 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexose (2-deoxy-D-glucose) (21). The hexose was subjected to a partial anomerization procedure described by Bergmann and co-workers (1). The solid material obtained by this procedure is a mixture of the anomeric forms of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexose low temperature p-nitro-benzoylation of the latter in pyridine resulted in a mixture of crystalline, anomeric tetrakis-p-nitrobenzoates in a ratio of approximately 1 1. They were readily separable by fractional recrystallization, and treatment of either with an excess of hydrogen bromide in dichloromethane, or with... 

M Bergmann, L Zervas. On a general method of peptide synthesis. Ber Deutsch Chem Ges 65, 1192, 1932. 

Determination of Detonation Velocity (71-4) Sensitivity to Impact (Sensibilite/ au choc) (74-5) Sensitivity to Friction (75-6) Sensitivity to Initiation (Sensibilite a 1 amorce) (76) Pressure Measurements by Manometric Bomb, by Crusher Test and by Piezoelectric Manometer (79 97) Density Determination (99-100) Chronographs of Schulze and of Le Boulange (101) Tests for Stability by Methods of Abel, Spica, Vieille at 110°C, German at 135° Bergmann-Junk, Su, Hansen-Grotannelli, Silvered Vessel and Taliani (107-09) Explosion Test (109-10)... 

Heat Tests. Under this term may be placed all the stability tests which involve heating an explosive, eg Abel Heat Test, Acidity Measurements (pH measurements), American Test at 65.5° or 80°, Bergmann-Junk Test, Brame s Test, Brunswig s Test, Chiaraviglio Corbino Test, Conductivity Method (De Bruin de Pauw) Continuous Test, Deflagration Test, Desmaroux Test, Dupre s Vacuum Test, Dutch Test,... 

CDj) T. Urbanski, Vol 2(1965), pp 22-31 gives methods for determining the Stability of Nitric Esters, which include Abel Heat Test, Litmus Test (Vieille Test), Heat Test at 134.5°C, Silvered Vessel Test, Loss of Weight Test, Will Test, Bergmann Junk Test and Manometric Test... 

In addition to the methods mentioned in a previous preparation,6 diphenylacetylene has been prepared by the action of potassium hydroxide on 5,5-diphenyl-3-nitroso-2-oxazolidone (100%).7 The present procedure is a modification of that of Schlenk and Bergmann.8... 

Czubayko F, Beumers B, Lammsfuss S, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann (1991) A simplified micro-method for quantification of fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols for outpatient studies in humans. J Lipid Res 32 1861-1867... 

Nitration of amylose was carried out according to the Will Lenze method, using mixed nitric-sulfuric acid as described under nitration of starch(Ref 4). The resulting product had N=12.96%, soly in ale 20% and stability(by Abel and Bergmann-Junk tests) higher than for aminopectin nitrate(Ref 5). 

In the present directions, Method i is essentially that developed by Bergmann and Zervas 6 Method 2 forms a combination of methods (b and c) and thus at once affords a product of high purity, while avoiding the mechanical difficulties involved in the complete removal of the dinitronaphtholsulfonic acid from its arginine salt. 

Fischer and Bergmann 75 adapted the method of Hinsberg 76 for the N-methylation of benzenesulfonamides in the synthesis of Sar, 5-aminopentanoic acid, and racemic Orn. Two years later Fischer and Lipschitz 73 succeeded in the synthesis of optically active, N-methylated derivatives of Ala, Leu, Phe, and Tyr. TV-Tosyl amino acids were N-methylated with two equivalents of iodomethane at 65-68 °C in a sealed pressure tube. The tosyl group was then deprotected either with sodium in liquid ammonia or with hot hydrochloric acid, but partially racemic products were obtained that were purified by crystallization with optically active bases. 77 Cheung and Benoiton did not observe racemization during deprotection with sodium in liquid ammonia. 78 ... 

Present data illustrate the technique for an in situ determination of surface areas. Related methods had been applied primarily to the study of site distributions in clay minerals, particularly by Russian workers (66), and they were used by Bergmann and O Konski in a detailed investigation of the methylene blue-montmorillonite system (3). In fact, changes in electronic spectra arising from surface interactions received sufficient attention in the past to warrant their review by A. Terenin (65). Most of these investigations involved transmittance spectra but new techniques in reflection spectrophotometry and applications of the Kubelka-Munk relation have facilitated the quantitative evaluation of spectra in highly turbid media (35, 69, 77). Thus, in agreement with the work of Kortiim on powders and anhydrous dispersions (31, 32, 33), our results demonstrate the applicability of the Kubelka-Munk function... 

Recently Bergmann and Nawotki12-15) have developed a method to decompose such spectra for polyethylene into three components broad, intermediate, and narrow components. The methylene groups of the polymer were divided into three classes rigid, hindered-rotational, and micro-Brownian mobile CH2-groups, and these were... 

Bergmann Number (BN) (indice de Bergmann, in Fr) is the amt of NO(in cm3) evolved per lg of sample(such as 5g) heated at 132° for 2 hrs in the Bergmann-Junk apparatus(Ref 2). The Fr test ("epreuve de Bergmann-Yunk ) is described as the Methode Reglementaire, Annexe n°l) , which is not available at PicArsn... 

The acid can be prepared from picryl chloride according to the method described by Golumbic, Fruton, and Bergmann,6 but the following modifications are recommended sodium metabisulfite should be used in place of sodium bisulfite the crude sodium salt is not recrystallized but is converted directly to the acid by the addition of hydrochloric acid to its acetone solution the product is recrystallized by dissolving it in a minimum amount of hot acetone, adding chloroform until crystallization starts, and cool- ing to about 0°. Two recrystallizations yield a product with m.p. 194-196°. 

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