Benzene butene

Vanadia-molybdena V205-Mo03 solid solution Benzene/butene to maleic anhydride... 

The self-quenching mechanism which has been invoked for the gas phase system applies also to the liquid phase. Order of magnitude agreement between data from the various techniques for measuring tx seems to have been achieved. Cundall and Griffiths (233), obtained the first indications from studies on the benzene/ butene-2 system, that the triplet state lifetime was very short. The value for kgx tx was 21.2M at 25°C where kgx was the overall rate constant for triplet excitation energy transfer from benzene to butene-2, and Tx the lifetime of the benzene triplet. Assuming a value of about 5 x 10 for kgx> x appears of the... 

Benzene < Butene < Butadiene < Butylene This ordering is consistent with the changes that occur along the x-axis in Fig. 2.3. 

The hydrocarbons acetone, benzene, butene, cw-butene, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, cyclopropane, ethylene, isobutene, isooctane, methylcyclohexane, propylcyclohexane, neopentane, propyne, franj-hutene, and toluene. 

Indene derivatives 264a and 264b are formed by the intramolecular reaction of 3-methyl-3-phenyl-l-butene (263a) and 3,3,3-triphenylpropylene (263b) [237]. Two phenyl groups are introduced into the /3-substituted -methylstyrene 265 to form the /3-substituted /3-diphenylmethylstyrene 267 via 266 in one step[238]. Allyl acetate reacts with benzene to give 3-phenylcinnamaldehyde (269) by acyl—O bond fission. The primary product 268 was obtained in a trace amount[239]. 

Process Technology Evolution. Maleic anhydride was first commercially produced in the early 1930s by the vapor-phase oxidation of benzene [71-43-2]. The use of benzene as a feedstock for the production of maleic anhydride was dominant in the world market well into the 1980s. Several processes have been used for the production of maleic anhydride from benzene with the most common one from Scientific Design. Small amounts of maleic acid are produced as a by-product in production of phthaHc anhydride [85-44-9]. This can be converted to either maleic anhydride or fumaric acid. Benzene, although easily oxidized to maleic anhydride with high selectivity, is an inherently inefficient feedstock since two excess carbon atoms are present in the raw material. Various compounds have been evaluated as raw material substitutes for benzene in production of maleic anhydride. Fixed- and fluid-bed processes for production of maleic anhydride from the butenes present in mixed streams have been practiced commercially. None of these... 

Most maleic anhydride production in the United States is based on benzene as feedstock, even though substantial Hterature exists on the use of butenes (132—134). However, the rapidly increasing demand and price for benzene (as high as 620 /t in 1986 versus 310 /t for ethylene) have made benzene (qv) less attractive and butenes a better feedstock. Not only are theoretical yields better, 1.75 kg/kg of butenes compared to 1.26 kg/kg of ben2ene, but less oxygen is required and the oxidation produces less heat, which is critical in reactor design. 

Although benzene prices have escalated in recent years, a concurrent need for butenes for use in alkylates for motor fuel has also increased and butane prices have also escalated. As a result, a search for alternative feedstocks began and Amoco Chemical Co. commercialized a process in 1977 to produce maleic anhydride from butane. A plant in JoHet came on-stream in 1977 with a capacity of 27,000 t/yr (135,136). No new plants have been built in the United States based on butenes since the commercialization of butane to maleic anhydride technology. In Europe and particularly in Japan, however, where butane is in short supply and needs for butenes as alkylation feed are also much less, butenes may become the dominant feedstock (see Maleic anhydride). 

An unusual dependence of the structure of the reaction product on the acylating agent (catalyst and acyl group) was observed by Balaban and Nenitzeseu in the diacylation of olefins 195, where R = Me (2-methyl-2-butene ) or R = Ph (2-methylpropenyl-benzene ) strong catalysts like AlClg or SbCls promote the formation of the 2,4,6-trisubstituted compound 197, whereas weaker... 

To a solution of 130 parts cyclopropyl-di-(4-fluorophenyl)-carbinol in 240 parts benzene are added dropwise 43 parts thionylchloride. The whole is refluxed until no more gas is evolved. The reaction mixture is then evaporated. The residue is distilled in vacuo, yielding 4-chloro-l,l-di-(4-fluorophenyl)-l-butene, boiling point 165° to 167°C at 6 mm pressure ... 

To the mixture of 85.5 g ethyl a-(3chloro-4.aminophenyl)-propionate hydrochloride, 142 g sodium carbonate and 600 ml dimethyl formamide, 107 g 1,4room temperature. The mixture is filtered, the filtrate evaporated in vacuo, the residue is triturated with hexane, the mixture filtered, the residue washed with petroleum ether and the filtrate evaporated. The residue is combined with 280 ml 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide and the mixture refluxed for 8 hours. After cooling, it is diluted with water, washed with diethyl ether, the pH adjusted to 5 to 5.2 with hydrochloric acid and extracted with diethyl ether. The extract is dried, filtered, evaporated and the residue crystallized from benzene-hexane, to yield the a-(3-chloro-4-pyrrolinophenyl)-propionic acid melting at 94°C to 96°C. 

Oxidation of n-hutane to maleic anhydride is becoming a major source for this important chemical. Maleic anhydride could also be produced by the catalytic oxidation of n-butenes (Chapter 9) and benzene (Chapter 10). The principal use of maleic anhydride is in the synthesis of unsaturated polyester resins. These resins are used to fabricate glass-fiber reinforced materials. Other uses include fumaric acid, alkyd resins, and pesticides. Maleic acid esters are important plasticizers and lubricants. Maleic anhydride could also be a precursor for 1,4-butanediol (Chapter 9). 

Conjugation (Chapter 14 introduction) A series of overlapping p orbitals, usually in alternating single and multiple bonds. For example, 1,3-butadiene is a conjugated diene, 3-buten-2-one is a conjugated enone, and benzene is a cyclic conjugated triene. 

In a rather different approach optically active chromium complexes of 2,3-dihydro-1 H-in-denone are used as chiral enolate precursors. These chiral complexes react with 3-buten-2-one in benzene using l,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene as the base. The diastereomeric ratio of the product is the same irrespectively of whether the exo- or the Noisomer of the chromium... 

This is the same case with which in Eqs. (2)-(4) we demonstrated the elimination of the time variable, and it may occur in practice when all the reactions of the system are taking place on the same number of identical active centers. Wei and Prater and their co-workers applied this method with success to the treatment of experimental data on the reversible isomerization reactions of n-butenes and xylenes on alumina or on silica-alumina, proceeding according to a triangular network (28, 31). The problems of more complicated catalytic kinetics were treated by Smith and Prater (32) who demonstrated the difficulties arising in an attempt at a complete solution of the kinetics of the cyclohexane-cyclohexene-benzene interconversion on Pt/Al203 catalyst, including adsorption-desorption steps. 

Ether, chloromethyl methyl [Methane, chloromethoxy-], 97 Ethylamine, dusoptopyl- [ 2-Propanamme, Af-ethyl-Af-(l-methylethyl)-], 59 Ethylamine, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-[Ben-zeneethanamme, 3,4-dimethoxy-], 5 Ethylene, 1,1-diphenyl- [Benzene, 1,1 -ethenylidenebis-], 32 Ethylene, tetramethyl- [2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl-], 35... 

Polarization is found in reactions involving chlorides. 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane (26) reacts with lithium ethyl in benzene-ether solution (40°) giving mainly l-chloro-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane (27 X = H) and 3-methyl-l,2-butadiene (28) both of which are polarized (Ward et al., 1968). If n- or t-butyl lithium are used in the reaction, the butene produced by disproportionation shows only net polarization. 

Thiophenol Benzenethiol (8, 9) (108-98-5) 4,4-Bis(phenylthio)-3-methoxy-l-butene Benzene, 1, T-[(2-meth-oxy-3-butenylidene)bis(thio)]bis- (9) (60466-65-1)... 

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