Benignity concept

Catalytic Conversions in Water. An Environmentally Benign Concept for Heterogenization of Homogeneous Catalysis ... 

The Norsk Hydro company is developing an environmentally benign concept of electricity production by burning hydrogen in a steam turbine. Natural gas is taken as primary energy source and converted in a steam reformer with the generated CO2 utilized as injection gas in oil fields for oil recovery enhancement. 

Potential fusion appHcations other than electricity production have received some study. For example, radiation and high temperature heat from a fusion reactor could be used to produce hydrogen by the electrolysis or radiolysis of water, which could be employed in the synthesis of portable chemical fuels for transportation or industrial use. The transmutation of radioactive actinide wastes from fission reactors may also be feasible. This idea would utilize the neutrons from a fusion reactor to convert hazardous isotopes into more benign and easier-to-handle species. The practicaUty of these concepts requires further analysis. 

The fluid mechanics origins of shock-compression science are reflected in the early literature, which builds upon fluid mechanics concepts and is more concerned with basic issues of wave propagation than solid state materials properties. Indeed, mechanical wave measurements, upon which much of shock-compression science is built, give no direct information on defects. This fluids bias has led to a situation in which there appears to be no published terse description of shock-compressed solids comparable to Kormer s for the perfect lattice. Davison and Graham described the situation as an elastic fluid approximation. A description of shock-compressed solids in terms of the benign shock paradigm might perhaps be stated as ... 

Zero emission plants, environmentally benign or green chemistry, and sustainable development have become the catch phrases of the 1990s (Anastas and Farris, 1994 Anastas and Warner, 1998 Anastas and Williamson, 1998 Clark, 1995). Consequently, traditional concepts of process efficiency are changing from an exclusive focus on chemical yields to one that assigns economic value to eliminating waste and avoiding the use of toxic and/or... 

In particular the recent investigation as part of the project Smart Sol-vents/Smart ligands of the SLPC with PEG and ionic Hquids ( SILP ) as the catalyst carrier opened up new possibihties for the immobihzation of homogeneous catalysts. By increasing the stabihty of the catalytic performance, this concept may have the potential to be kept in mind for industrial catalysis in combination with environmentally benign supercritical or compressed carbon dioxide. In addition, this methodology is able to provide access to some chemical applications and processes because of the easy and facile preparation of the coated materials. 

The concept of benign by design and sustainable pharmacy as a whole should be incorporated into the education of chemists and pharmacists. Such a new... 

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