Benefit evaluation

It must be remembered that all anesthetics and tranquilizers are used by the practitioner following a risk—benefit evaluation. General anesthesia, even being adininistered by an experienced practitioner, can result in death through cardiac or respiratory depression. The veterinarian is acutely aware of these risks and chooses the dmg and method of adininistration considering the patient s health status, the nature of and need for the procedure, and the likelihood of success. 

In the veterinary as in the human patient, neoplasms are often metastatic and widely disseminated throughout the body. Surgery and irradiation are limited in use to weU-defined neoplastic areas and, therefore, chemotherapy is becoming more prevalent in the management of the veterinary cancer victim (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). Because of the expense and time involved, such management must be restricted to individual animals for which a favorable risk—benefit evaluation can be made and treatment seems appropriate to the practitioner and the owner. In general, treatment must be viewed not as curative, but as palliative. 

Waters EM, Gerstner HB, Huff JE. 1977a. Mirex A risk benefit evaluation. Environmental Chemicals Human and Animal Health 5 49-77. 

It is an element of risk management. Risk Evaluation is synonymous with Risk-Benefit evaluation. 

Responsible for benefits evaluation (where the law requires fiiis)... 

Decisions cannot involve merely risk benefit evaluations should include the nature, extent, and recipient of the benefits. It is often necessary to accept risks when the benefits warrant the risk, but risks imposed on persons who gain no benefits are generally not acceptable. The committee concluded the following ... 

Classification as a presumed mammalian mutagen or nonmutagen may itself be sufficient information for a risk-benefit evaluation. If the screening test results are negative, this is ordinarily taken as evidence that the chemical is not a mammalian mutagen, because the short-term tests are very sensitive and encompass a number of relevant end points. However, if the chemical is to be widely used or if people are likely to be exposed to large amounts, additional tests may be desirable. Likewise, a compound that produces positive results in one or more tests may have benefits that could outweigh a small risk and therefore necessitate further tests. 

The protocols were subject to critical review, and it was assured that the information they contain is consistent with the actual risk-benefit evaluation of the investigational product. The respective internal... 

Klein E. The role of extended-release benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety a risk-benefit evaluation with a focus on extended-release alprazolam. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 63(Suppl14) 27-33. 

Development of a benefits evaluation methodology for each kind of optimization application [2] ... 

Of the host of measures taken, three prominent examples particularly relevant to the pharmaceutical industry are directive price cuts, cost-benefit evaluations and enforcement of cost-conscious pre-... 

Risk management measures for new and existing chemicals, which may be taken after a risk/benefit evaluation, can be in the form of recommendations for safe use, labelling or occupational exposure limits. Most developed countries also have legal provisions for banning chemicals, or restricting their use to safe conditions. 

The rapporteur then produces a draft risk assessment regarding human health and the environment, and proposes any necessary risk limitation strategies. Such measures are for adoption at EC level using existing provisions (such as classification and labelling, occupational exposure limits or very occasionally, by restrictions on marketing and use under the provisions of the marketing and use directive , ie. Council Directive 76/769/EEC [29] as amended), and can be undertaken only after a risk/benefit evaluation on the chemical. 

Occlusion of semi-solid preparations may be useful if systemic absorption is desired. A careful risk-benefit evaluation is then required. Transdermal patches are a more elegant alternative. Being virtually painless and easy to apply, if they achieve controlled delivery, they provide a formulation of choice for prolonged-release systemic uptake. They would have to be adapted to skin maturation, formulated with adhesives with low allergenic potential and be available in different strengths. Of course, the same inter- and intra-patient variability in relation to sites of administration and skin condition occurs in children as in adults. 

Walking Performance and Medical and Psychological Benefits Evaluation Results... 

Becaitse improved collectors cost more, the choice must depend on a cost versus benefit evaluation. High efflden-... 

Elbaz, M., et al.. Is direct coronary stenting the best strategy for long-term outcome Results of the multicentric randomized benefit evaluation of direct coronary stenting (BET) study. Am Heart J, 2002. 144(4) p. E7. 

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