Beck Depression Inventory

RGURE31-1. Beck Depression Inventory, Siort Form. (Rom Beck, A. T., Ward, C H., Men del son, M., et al. [1961 ]. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4 561 -57. Copyright 1961. American Medical Association. Used with permission.)... 

We have presumed a taxon and some indicators. Next, we take one of these indicators and assign scores to a group of individuals on each indicator (e.g., everyone gets a score from 1 to 7 on sadness, anhedonia, and suicidality), much as one does with the Beck Depression Inventory and similar self-report scales. Finally, we examine the pairwise intercorrelations of the indicators at all possible values of all other indicators. In the depression example, we would examine the correlation of sadness and anhedonia for those who score 1 on suicidality, those who score 2 on suicidality, and so forth, up the scale to those who score 7 on suicidality. Similarly, we would examine the correlation of sadness and suicidality for those who score 1 on anhedonia, those who score 2 on anhedonia, and so forth. This would be continued for all possible combinations of indicators. 

Ruscio, A. M., Ruscio, J. (2002). The latent structure of analogue depression Should the Beck Depression Inventory be used to classify groups Psychological Assessment, 14, 135-145. 

Beck Depression Inventory (Beck) 3. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) X X... 

Beck Depression Inventory. The Beck Depression Inventory (Beck) test may be used to measure the depth of depression as a rapid screen for depressed patients. It is a self-rating scale of 21 items (13 in a shortened form), with each item rated on a four-point scale. It measures the immediate present and has been used in antidepressant medicine trials. The original 21-item scale can be completed in about 10 minutes and the test is able to discriminate between anxiety and depression. No subtests are present in the Beck. 

Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., and Garbin, M.G. (1988) Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 8 77-100. 

FIGURE 6 4C. Graph showing that nimodipine (NIMOD) alleviates depressive symptoms as determined by two different scales [Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [M. Hamilton 1960] and Beck Depression Inventory [Beck et al. 1961]) in a single patient. The number in each bar is the number of days during that phase of the study that were included in data analyses. FLAG = placebo ... 

The Beck Depression Inventory is a 21-item self-rating scale to assess key symptoms of depression such as mood deterioration, pessimism, guilt, selfpunishment, self-dislike, self-accusations, suicidality, crying, irritability, social... 

In clinical studies, Steegmans et al. found that middle-aged men with chronically low serum cholesterol levels (<4.5 mmol/L or 172 mg/dL) have a higher risk of having depressive symptoms, according to scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, when compared with a reference group of men with cholesterol levels between 6 and 7 mmol/L [97]. These data may be important in the ongoing debate on the putative association between low cholesterol levels and violent death in the future. 

Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck Depression Inventory Manual, 2d ed (BDI-II). San Antonio, The Psychological Corporation, 1996. 

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Patient-rated 21-item scale 0-9 = normal 10-15 = mild depression 16-19 = mild-moderate 20-29 = moderate-severe 30-63 = severe depression The standard for self-rating scales and an objective measure of change in symptoms as a result of treatment... 

Lees-Haley PR Malingering traumatic mental disorder on the Beck Depression Inventory cancerphobia and toxic exposure. Psychol Rep 65 623-626,1989c Lees-Haley PR Malingering mental disorder on the Impact of Event Scale (IES) toxic exposure and cancerphobia. J Trauma Stress 3 315-321, 1990 Lees-Haley PR, Brown RS Biases in perception and reporting following a perceived toxic exposure. Percept Mot Skills 75 531-544, 1992 LeQuesne PM, Axford AT, McKerrow CB, et al Neurological complications after a single severe exposure to toluene di-isocyanate. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 33 72-78, 1976... 

Other factors which need to be taken into account in assessing the patient s suitability are the length and severity of the present episode of ill health, response to previous treatment, number of previous episodes of the problem and co-existing DSM Axis 11 (APA 2000) problems. More severe and enduring mental health problems respond less well to a course of CBT. For example, patients with a severe depression (score on the Beck Depression Inventory of greater than 30) tend not to respond so well and if the duration of the current episode is greater than six months, their response to treatment has been found to be not so good. Also, if the patient has shown an inadequate response to previous treatment, it has been found that they are less likely to respond well to a subsequent treatment. Patients who have had more than two previous episodes of depression tend not to respond so well to treatment (Blackburn and Davidson 1990 Hawton et al. 2000). 

He also completed three standardized self-report scales before and after therapy. He initially scored 28/63 (moderate depression) on the Beck Depression Inventory and 19/63 (mild anxiety) on the Beck Anxiety. Inventory (Beck and Steer 1987). The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Weissman 1979) aims to measure beliefs that predispose to depression (e.g. black or white thinking and perfectionism). His score of 187/240 before CBT was above the typical mean for both controls (113) and depressed individuals (147). 

His Beck Depression Inventory score fell from 28 to 13/63 (not clinically depressed) and his Beck Anxiety Inventory score from 19 to 4/63 (not anxious). His rating on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale had dropped from 187 to 155/256, including an important shift in the belief If I do not do well all the time, people will not respect me from 7 ( totally agree ) to 3 ( agree slightly ). 

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