Behavioral signs

We have viewed these withdrawal effects on behavior as evidence of behavioral dependence on PCP. Behavioral signs have also been reported in human users of PCP during withdrawal (Tennant et al. 1981) however, these instances appear to be relatively rare. Nonetheless, the relative ease with which a dependence phenomenon can be produced in monkeys suggests that PCP has a potential for producing dependence in PCP users, particularly those who use the drug very frequently. Behavioral sequelae seen in chronic PCP abusers might be examined as possible manifestations of dependence as well as of cumulative toxicity. 

Table 6.1 Behavioral Signs of Acute Psychostimulant Toxicity...

Maximum residues (in mg/kg FW) and time post-administration were liver, 0.1, 2 h fat tissue, 0.09, 96 h kidney, 0.07, 4 h skin, 0.03, 8 h brain, 0.01, 4 h muscle, 0.008, 4 h and blood 0.003, 4 h. Half-time persistence was 6.5-13 h for the rapidly decreasing phase, and 4.8—8.9 days for the slowly decreasing phase (Ohno et al. 1986) Dose-dependent alterations of brain potentials without behavioral signs of chronic toxicity (USEPA 1980)... 

Another important question is the relationship between nicotine abstinence and nicotine self-admiifistration. O Dell and Koob (2007) provided 23 h day access to intravenous nicotine self-administration for 4-day intervals with intervening 3-day intervals of nicotine abstinence. This resulted in somatically expressed behavioral signs as well as heightened nicotine self-administration on the first day following... 

Birds did not exhibit ataxia or other behavioral signs of delayed neurotoxicity during the more than 30 days they were observed after they returned to Davis. One died of causes not related to the study. 

The efficacy of melatonin as a chronobiotic in AD patients is supported by several studies [51-59], The effect of melatonin was seen regardless of any concomitant medication employed to treat cognitive or behavioral signs of disease [44], In a double-blind study to examine the effects of melatonin on the sleep/wake rhythm, cognitive and non-cognitive functions in AD type of dementia, it was observed that a... 

The present Section describes basic protocols satisfying ICH S7A recommendations for core battery CNS studies. Included are protocols for measuring general behavioral signs induced by test substances (Irwin Test), effects on spontaneous locomotion (Activity Meter Test), effects on neuromuscular coordination (Rotarod Test), effects on the convulsive threshold (Electroconvulsive Shock (ECS) Threshold and PTZ Seizure Tests), interaction with hypnotics (Barbital Interaction Test) and effects on the pain threshold (Hot Plate Test). 

MOA Mode of action. A set of physiological and behavioral signs characterizing an adverse biological response. 

Some studies have suggested that there may be links between the development of dependence to cannabinoids and to opiates (42). Some of the behavioral signs of rimonabant-induced withdrawal in THC-treated rats can be mimicked by the opiate antagonist naloxone (43). Conversely, the withdrawal syndrome precipitated by naloxone in morphine-dependent mice can be partly relieved by THC (44) or endocannabinoids (45). Rats treated chronically with the cannabinoid WIN55212-2 became sensitized to the behavioral effects of heroin (46). Such interactions can also be demonstrated acutely. Synergy between cannabinoids and opiate analgesics has been described above. THC also facilitated the antinociceptive effects of RB 101, an inhibitor of enkephalin inactivation, and acute administration of THC caused... 

Inhalant abuse may be recognized by both physical and behavioral signs. Some of these behaviors are mistaken for drunkenness, and many of the physical signs can be mistaken or go unnoticed. The most-often-recognized sign is the smell of chemicals on the breath. Signs of inhalant use include the following ... 

The sCJDMMl/sCJDMVl subtype displays either MM or MV at PrP codon 129 and type 1 PrP It is the most common subtype and accounts for 60-70% of all sporadic human prion disease. This sCJD subtype has a mean age at clinical onset of 65 years of age and the mean duration of clinical symptoms prior to death is approximately four months. The symptoms at clinical presentation can include cognitive impairment, widened gait or ataxia, behavioral signs (including depression, anxiety. 

Nonhuman primates have displayed behavioral signs of withdrawal after chronic administration of THC. Chronic administration of THC via gavage over 2 years found no evidence of carcinogenic effect in rats and equivocal findings in mice at higher doses. Chronic use of THC has been shown to induce tumor regression in rodents. 

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