Behavioral diagrams

Rapid-Scan Corrosion Behavior Diagram (CBD) Basically, all the same equipment used in the conductance of an ASTM G5 slow-scan polarization study is used for rapid-scan CBDs (that is, a standard test cell, potentiostat, voltmeters, log converters, X-Y recorders, and electronic potential scanning devices). The differences... 

XPS was used to determine the surface composition of the anodized aluminum substrate during exposure to warm, moist environments. The information obtained was used to construct surface behavior diagrams that showed that hydration of the surface involved three steps [38]. Step one, which was reversible, consisted of adsorption of water onto the AIPO4 monolayer. The second step, which was rate-controlling, involves dissolution of the phosphate followed by rapid hydration... 

Fig. 8. Surface behavior diagram showing hydration of the PAA surface. Hydration occurs in three stages 1, reversible adsorption of moisture II, hydration of the AHOr to AlOOH and 111, further hydration to Al(OH)s. The numbers represent hours of exposure to high humidity. Adapted from Refs. 138,40].

Daccord G, Lenormand R (1987) Fractal patterns from chemical dissolution. Nature 325 41 3 Daccord G, Lietard O, Lenormand R (1993) Chemical dissolution of a porous medium by a reactive fluid, 2, Convection vs. reaction behavior diagram. Chem Eng Sci 48 179-186 Darmody RG, Thorn CE, Harder RL, Schlyter JPL, Dixon JC (2000) Weathering implications of water chemistry in an arctic-alpine environment, north Sweden. Geomorphology 34 89-100 Dijk P, Berkowitz B (1998) Precipitation and dissolution of reactive solutes in fractures. Water Resour Res 34 457-470... 

Fig. 11 Fish and gamma phase behavior diagrams exhibiting a severe twisting at low surfactant concentration...

Assume that the supply temperature T 2 and heat capacity flow rate wh2 of hot stream Sh2 are uncertain. Figure 17 shows a pinch behavior diagram as 7 2 and wh2 vary. The nominal stream data are indicated with an asterisk. For every combination of uncertain parameters T 2 and wh2 in... 

Fig. 17. Pinch behavior diagram illustrating class 1, class 2, and target uncertainty ranges for Example 13.

Phase Behavior. The use of phase-behavior diagrams in surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding is more complicated than in micellar-polymer flooding for several reasons. One reason is that phase behavior is very sensitive to the water-to-oil ratio employed. From surfactant mixing rules, varying the amount of oil present will vary the amount of petroleum soap... 

Figures 9 and 10 show phase-behavior diagrams for David Lloydminster crude oil and the surfactant Neodol 25-3S in the presence of 1 wt% sodium carbonate. Phase-behavior measurements were carried out according to the method of Nelson et al. (52). The David Lloydminster oil field is near the Alberta-Saskatchewan border directly east of Edmonton. The oil has a density of 0.922 g/mL and a viscosity of 144 MPa s at 23 °C. The region of optimal phase behavior is shown at a surfactant concentration of 0.1 wt% in Figure 9. The region of optimal phase behavior is shaded. Above this region, type II +) behavior occurs, and type II(-) behavior occurs below the region of optimal phase behavior. Volume percent oil refers to the amount of oil present in the phase-behavior tube used. For a given oil-to-water ratio, a transition from type II(-) to type III to type II(+) occurs as salinity increases. As the amount of oil increases relative to the amount of aqueous phase, the same trend in phase behavior is seen.

The phase behavior that is exhibited by a critical or supercritical mixture of several components is usually not simple Street (jO reports six classes of phase behavior diagrams In the simplest classes of systems (classes 1 and 2), the critical lines are continuous between the critical points of pure components Study of reaction equilibrium at SCF conditions requires knowledge of critical properties of the reacting mixture at various levels of conversion Three different approaches to evaluate critical properties are available, viz, empirical correlations, rigorous thermodynamics criteria and the theory of conformal solutions (10) The thermodynamic method is more general and reliable because it is consistent with the calculation of other thermodynamic properties of the reacting mixture (11) ... 

Fig. 32. The Si3N4-Y203-Al203 behavior diagram showing glass formation after heating at 1800 to 1900°C. After Jack [50], Reproduced with permission of Plenum Press, New York.

Figure 8. Foam phase-behavior diagrams for a series of foam-forming surfactants and four different oils. (Reproduced with permission from reference 47. Copyright 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers.)...

Fig. 20 Time-temperature-sensitization behavior diagrams for austenitic and ferritic stainless steels illustrating different time-temperature regimes for sensitization. (Ref. [61], from Corrosion of Stainless Steels A. John Sedriks, copyright John Wiley Sons.

Figure 10. 3(Si02)-Si3N4-4(AlN)-2(Al203) system. Behavior diagram at 1700°C. The labels 8H, 15R, 12H, 21R, 27R, 2H5 indicate defect AIN polytypes. P = 3-sialon (Si6, Al,0,N8, ) O = sialon of Si20N2 type X = S1A102N ( nitrogen mullite ). ALON ss = aluminum oxynitride ss extending from approximately AI7O9N to AI3O3N.

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