Behavior endocrine effects

The cytokine leptin is secreted by adipocytes (fat cells) in proportion to the size of the adipose dq>ot and circulates via the bloodstream to the brain, where it ultimately affects feeding behavior, endocrine systems including reproductive function and, at least in rodents, energy expenditure. The major effect of Lqrtin is on the hy-pothalamous, where it suppresses appetite and hence food intake. Leptin exerts its effects via binding to the leptin receptor in the brain (specifically in the hypothalamus), which activates the JAK-STAT Pathway. 

ENDOCRINE EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO BEHAVIOR 843... 

Endocrine Effects on the Brain and Their Relationship to Behavior... 

McEwen, B. S. Endocrine effects on the brain and their relationship to behavior. In Basic Neurochemistry. Eds Siegel, G. J., Agranoff, B. W., and Katzman, R. Boston Little Brown and Co., 1981, pp755-799. 

Mach, M., Grubbs, E.D., Price, W.A., Nagaoka, M., Dubovicky, M., Lucot, J.B. (2008). Delayed behavioral and endocrine effects of sarin and stress response in mice. J. Appl. Toxicol. 28 132-9. 

Brief handling of rat pups results in a lifelong decrease to behavioral and endocrine effects of stress, whereas animals separated from their mothers/litters for longer periods of time, for example, for several hours, exhibit increased anxiety (167). Later studies determined that the critical effect of short-term handling is the increase in maternal care (licking and grooming) after the return of the pups to the nest (3). 

Chieffi, G., Chieffi-Baccari, G., Di Matteo, L., d Istria, M., Marmorino, C., Minucci, S., and Varriale, B., 1992, The harderian gland of amphibians and reptiles, in Harderian Glands Porphyrin Metabolism, Behavioral and Endocrine Effects, S.M. Webb, R.A. Hoffman, M.L. Puig-Domingo, and R.J. Reiter, eds.. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 91-108. 

Figure 3. Some of the links, interactions, and feedback loops in the sequence from odor to behavioral and endocrine effects. The traditional releasing/priming distinction is confounded with the behavior/hormone distinction. In fact, each type of effect may be part of a causal sequence spanning as little as a few seconds or as much as many days.

Menendez-Pelaez, A. Buzzell, G. R. 1992. Harderian gland indoles. Harderian glands porphyrin, metabolism, behavioral and endocrine effects (Ed. by Webb, S.M., Hoffman, R.A., Puig-Domingo, M.L. Reiter, R. J.), pp. 219-234, Berlin Springer. 

In experimental studies, bacosides did not show any endocrine, metabolic, gastrointestinal, anabolic, or behavioral side effect no lethality was observed on the oral administration also. Phase I clinical studies confirmed the safety of the bacosides in healthy male volunteers at both single and multiple doses administered over a period of 4 weeks [1]. In addition, bacosides showed no adverse effect on reproductive system in male mouse [32]. 

Serotonergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system controls a wide variety of functions such as blood pressure, emotional behavior, endocrine secretion, perception of pain, and sleep. It is possible that the decrease in neuronal 5-HT and the consequent changes in its receptors, particularly S-HTj, may cause hypertension in vitamin Bg deficiency. This was investigated in vitamin Bg-deficient rats after they had developed peak hypertension by examining the effects of various 5HT, agonists. They all had an acute hypotensive effect in these rats. 

While there is some evidence that exposure to NP or OP may have adverse effects on specific organs, including the kidney, heart, and liver, the majority of the studies evaluating toxic effects of APs have focused on male and female reproduction and endocrine effects, immune function, and neurological and behavioral endpoints. This section will briefly highlight some of the studies that have assessed effects of AP exposure on these organs and functional systems, especially those from mammalian laboratory animal models and tissue culture systems. 

Reproductive Toxicity—The occurrence of adverse effects on the reproductive system that may result from exposure to a chemical. The toxicity may be directed to the reproductive organs and/or the related endocrine system. The manifestation of such toxicity may be noted as alterations in sexual behavior, fertility, pregnancy outcomes, or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of this system. 

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