Warehouse beetle

Low levels of resistance have been reported for some populations of Indian meal moth, almond moth, and red flour beetle populations in stored peanuts in the southeastern United States (Zettler et al., 1989), but no assessments are available for phosphine resistance in insect populations in mills, warehouses, processing plants, and other structural facilities. Phosphine can be corrosive to metals, particularly copper, electrical wiring, and electronic equipment (Bond et al., 1984), which limits its application in food processing facilities and warehouses. A new formulation of phosphine, in which phosphine gas is combined with carbon dioxide and released from a cylinder, alleviates some but not all of the corrosive effects of phosphine and is labeled for use as a structural treatment. 

The status of resistance of stored-product insects to any of the aerosols used in the United States is uncertain, and no new assessments of resistance have been conducted in recent years. Indianmeal moth, P. interpunctella, and almond moth, C. cautella, populations in peanut warehouses in the southeastern United States showed low levels of resistance to dichlorvos (Arthur et al., 1988), but reflected an increase relative to earlier studies (Zettler, 1982). In other studies, 24% of red flour beetle and 64% of confused flour beetle populations collected from flour mills were resistant to dichlorvos (Zettler, 1991). 

Currently there are few insecticides registered as surface treatments to control stored-product insects. For years the organophosphate insecticide malathion was used as a surface treatment for structural facilities, but stored-product insects throughout the world have developed extensive resistance to malathion (Subramanyam and Hagstrum, 1996). Most of the resistance reports were generated from studies with bulk grains, but in the United States, resistance has been documented for field populations of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, T. confusum (DuVal), collected from flour mills (Arthur and Zettler, 1991, 1992 Zettler, 1991). Populations of the Indianmeal moth, the almond moth, and the red flour beetle collected from bulk peanuts and empty warehouses were also highly resistant to malathion (Arthur et al., 1988 Halliday et al., 1988). 

Ca. davidsoni (James et al., 1997). Abreu (1997) demonstrated in Brazil that Ca. dimid-iatus and Ca. obsoletus could be detected in cocoa warehouses with pheromone traps. Monitoring traps have also been used to survey beetles in different habitats for infestation by natural enemies such as nematodes (Dowd et al., 1995) these efforts resulted in the discovery of a new nematode species (Poinar and Dowd, 1997). Dowd (2000) used the pheromone of Ca. lugubris to compare infestations of these beetles in Bt and non-Bt sweet com in Illinois. Dispersal of oak wilt fungus by Co. truncatus and Ca. sayi has been investigated with the aid of pheromone traps (Amboum et al., 2005). 

Press, J.W., Flaherty, B.R. and Arbogast, R.T. (1975) Control of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum in a warehouse by a predaceous bug, Xylocoris flavipes. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 10, 76-78. 

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