Beam Processes

The ion beam applications presented later in this chapter are basically related to (conventional) ion implantation and PHI (alternatively known as plasma source ion implantation or PSII). 

Ion beam-based treatments typically involve addition (the implanted ions), removal (sputtering) and in some cases change (formation of new compounds) of the target material at its outermost surface. As a consequence, ion implantation treatments induce a change in the structure and nanotopograpy of the treated surface, in the physical properties, chemical composition, and overall in its biological properties. Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication, metal finishing, and materials science research as well as the biomedical applications presented later. 

An alternative technique combining PVD and ion implantation is known as Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD), where the film is bombarded by an ion beam during its deposition, thus typically improving the density, structure, and adhesion of the coating. 

The processes described in the previous pages present different advantages for biomedical applications. A comparison of diflFerent techniques is presented in Table 4. 

Conformal (feasibility of Medium High Medium Medium/low 

---

Ion-beam lithography Ion beam mixing Ion beam processing Ion beams Ion-beam sputtering Ion channels Ion chromatogram Ion chromatography... 

H. H. Anderson, "lon-Bombardment-Induced Composition Changes in Alloys and Compounds," in J. S. WiUiams and. M. Poate, eds.. Ion Implantation and Beam Processing, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1984, Chapt. 6. 

Turnbull, D. (1980) in Laser and Electron Beam Processing of Materials, ed. White, C.W. and Peercy, P.S. (Academic Press, New York) p. I. 

Electron beam processed adhesives and their use in composite repair... 

Saunders, C.S. and Lopata, V.J., Electron beam processing of advanced composites DREP Final Report (1994) Contract No. W7708-2-0001/01-XSA Department of National Defence Defence Research Establishment Pacific, FMO Victoria, Canada, 1994. 

Laser and electron beam processing are effective methods for preparing amorphous surface alloys covering conventional crystalline bulk metals... 

Fluoropolymers utilizing high molecular weights and copolymerized and alloyed with polyethylene, should be used in most radiation applications. High-dose-rate E-beam processing may reduce oxidative degradation. When irradiated, PTFE and PFA are... 

HANDBOOKOF ION BEAM PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY edited by Jerome J. Cuomo, Stephen M. Rossnagel, and Harold R. Kaufman... 

This review will highlight various aspects of electron beam processing of rubber. In addition, other rubber-like materials and non-EB techniques have also been briefly discussed for comparison. 

---