Battery primary batteries

Batteries, lead-acid Batteries, primary Batteries, pnmary cells... 

Alkaline battery — Primary -> batteries employing a strongly alkaline aqueous electrolyte solution (e.g.,... 

The zinc-carhon, alkaline-zinc, and mercury cells are classified as primary batteries. Primary batteries produce electric energy by means of redox reactions that are not easily reversed. 

Batteries can be classified according to their application, as primary and secondary batteries. Primary batteries are not rechargeable while secondary batteries are rechargeable. Figure 1 shows a schematic of a unit cell for a lithium-ion battery,... 

Electric Storage Storage batteries, primary batteries 66.2 2.1... 

The addition of mercury has been completely and successfully eliminated from non-rechargeable portable batteries (primary batteries). The major battery suppliers in Europe (they cover approximately 95% of the market) have been offering them mercury-free since 1994. The financial expenditure for the development and the operating costs for mercury-free production were and still are considerable. 

Lead Telluride. Lead teUuride [1314-91 -6] PbTe, forms white cubic crystals, mol wt 334.79, sp gr 8.16, and has a hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale. It is very slightly soluble in water, melts at 917°C, and is prepared by melting lead and tellurium together. Lead teUuride has semiconductive and photoconductive properties. It is used in pyrometry, in heat-sensing instmments such as bolometers and infrared spectroscopes (see Infrared technology AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY), and in thermoelectric elements to convert heat directly to electricity (33,34,83). Lead teUuride is also used in catalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel ceUs (qv) (84), as cathodes in primary batteries with lithium anodes (85), in electrical contacts for vacuum switches (86), in lead-ion selective electrodes (87), in tunable lasers (qv) (88), and in thermistors (89). 

The most significant nonferrous use of manganese compounds is for primary batteries, where manganese dioxide is the principal constituent of the cathode mix. In the standard Leclanchn ceU, 2inc and ammonium chloride are mixed to form the electrolyte, a mixture of carbon and MnO forms the cathode, and 2inc acts as the anode (221). The principal ceU reaction is as foUows ... 

The cathode mix for a Leclanchn primary battery consists of 50—60% manganese dioxide ore, 5—10% acetylene black, 10—20% ammonium chloride, and 3—12% 2inc chloride. The remainder is water (see Batteries, primary cells). 

Batteries. Many batteries intended for household use contain mercury or mercury compounds. In the form of red mercuric oxide [21908-53-2] mercury is the cathode material in the mercury—cadmium, mercury—indium—bismuth, and mercury—zinc batteries. In all other mercury batteries, the mercury is amalgamated with the zinc [7440-66-6] anode to deter corrosion and inhibit hydrogen build-up that can cause cell mpture and fire. Discarded batteries represent a primary source of mercury for release into the environment. This industry has been under intense pressure to reduce the amounts of mercury in batteries. Although battery sales have increased greatly, the battery industry has aimounced that reduction in mercury content of batteries has been made and further reductions are expected (3). In fact, by 1992, the battery industry had lowered the mercury content of batteries to 0.025 wt % (3). Use of mercury in film pack batteries for instant cameras was reportedly discontinued in 1988 (3). 

By far, the largest appHcation of zinc powder is for solution purification in electrolytic zinc plants. This appHcation consumed an estimated 17,700 t of powder in 1980. Zinc powder is also used in primary batteries, frictional materials, spray metallizing, mechanical plating, and chemical formulations. 

Feserve battey is a primary battery that is stored dry to improve the shelf life of the cell or battery and activated just before use by addition of electrolyte. 

The U.S. primary battery market is divided according to the chemical system used in the batteries, whereas the secondary battery market is usually divided according to usage. The 1989 estimate of the total battery market is given in Table 1. The lead—acid battery accounts for over 85% of the secondary battery market. 

---