Battery charging results

It was found that a longer, narrower and thicker IPMC samples charge the battery the most. This can be understood from the capacitance relation 

Both gold and platinum electroded IPMCs were also excited in shear mode using shaker assembly at 10 Hz frequency. Fig. 9.12. shows the recorded battery volgate for 3 hours of operation. Again, Pt shows better charging than Au. 

Interestingly, in the tension mode, Au IPMC showed better charging than Pt IPMC. It may be attributed to the gold electrode. As demonstrated in previous chapters, the Au electrode is smoother and denser and therefore sustains stretching better than Pt IPMC. At the same time, in bending and shear mode, the Pt gives better results due to better distribution of platinum particles inside the Nafion membrane. 

Bending mode simulations were also peformed. From Eq. (9.26), the sensor output equation can be found  

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On the turbine side, variable-speed wind turbines (which will soon be the norm as a result of enhanced energy capture relative to constant-speed machines) rely on power electronics to convert the variable frequency, variable voltage AC produced at the generator to DC. Small turbines used in battery-charging applications stop here ... 

A study of the influence of ultrasound on the charging of lead-acid batteries [ 128] showed that there is a great improvement in the performance of these batteries caused by enhancement of ion transport. An increase of 10-22% in battery capacity is obtained in the presence of ultrasound, and even after deducting an estimated increase in capacity due to temperature changes caused by ultrasound, there is still an 8-14% increase in capacity for the battery. The results of the studies led to the conclusion that the improvement in performance. of lead-acid batteries under the action of ultrasound can be attributed to the enhanced energy transfer and accelerated mass transport. 

The prepared PVA/KOH/H2O SPE was employed for both Ni/MH and Zn/air batteries. Fig. 4 shows typical charge and discharge curves of all solid-state Ni/MH battery. The results exhibited the advantage of flat plateau discharge curve and the battery had average 82% current efficiency after ten cycles [33]. In addition, the PVA/KOH SPE was successfully assembled into Zn/air battery with a high zinc utilization of 83%. 

SEI 2-5nm thick. When lithium is cut while immersed in the electrolyte, the SEI forms almost instantaneously (in less than 1ms [15,16]). On continuous plating of lithium through the SEI during battery charge, some electrolyte is consumed in each charge cycle in a break-and-repair process of the SEI [1,2] and this results in a faradaic efficiency lower than 1. When a battery is made with commercial lithium foil, the foil is covered with a native surface film. The composition of this surface film depends on the environment to which the lithium is exposed. It consists of Li20, LiOH, Li2C03, U3N, and other impurities. When this type of lithium is immersed in the electrolyte, the native surface film may react with the solvent, salts, and impurities to form an SEI, whose composition may differ from that of elec-trodeposited lithium in the same electrolyte. The formation of SEI on carbonaceous anodes is discussed in Sec. 6.3. 

Unfortunately, Ce(lll) ions prohibit zinc electrodeposition and also result in excessive hydrogen evolution, which leads to lower battery charge efficiency. In addition, the conversion of Ce(lll) to Ce(lV) was found less efficient after prolonged charge because of dominant oxygen evolution on the positive electrode. Therefore, it is important to develop suitable complexes or electrolytic additives to improve the utilization of cerium electroactive species and to facilitate efficient zinc electrodes in a highly acidic medium with less corrosion problems. 

Storage Stability of 20 Ah Flat-Plate Prismatic Batteries. The ability of flat-plate prismatic batteries to retain capacity on storage is indicated by the data presented in Table 35.22 which lists capacity retention after storage at 0°C, 40°C, and 50°C at either 50% or 100% state of charge for 8 or 16 weeks. These cells were on the C/LiCoJ Jij. tOj chemistry and used a ternary carbonate electrolyte. At or below 40°C, the batteries retained over 97% of their capacity. At 50°C, storage at 100% DOD resulted in 81% capacity retention, while storage at a 50% state of charge resulted in 91% capacity retention. 

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