Basic pesticide compounds properties

Properties of some basic pesticides are given in Table HI. All of the compounds are herbicides except for hydroxypropazine which is a non-... 

Benzene and its derivatives are used widely throughout the chemical industry as solvents and raw materials. Mono-, di-, and trichlorobenzenes are used directly as pesticides for their insecticidal and fungicidal properties. Benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene are used as raw materials in the synthesis of at least 15 pesticides, although their main use is as a carrier solvent in 76 processes. Additional priority pollutant aromatics and chlorinated aromatics exist as impurities or as reaction byproducts because of the reactions of the basic raw materials and solvent compounds. 

DDT enters an insect by dissolving the thin layer of fatty substances that repel water from the waxy outer skin and then paralyzes vital nerve centers. Muller was disappointed to learn that he was not the first discoverer of DDT 65 years earlier, a graduate student Othmer Zeidler had synthesized the compound as part of his chemistry doctoral thesis. Zeidler described many of DDT s properties and developed the method used to make it commercially, but he did not discover its insecticide powers. When Geigy took out the basic Swiss patent in 1940, it was not for the composition matter, but for its use as an insecticide. This began the era of synthetic chemical pesticides. 

Several cleanup methods have been developed for the determination of urea pesticides, involving different basic procedures, such as liquid-liquid partition (30-32,34,36,37), steam distillation (31), and liquid-solid chromatography (9,30,32,34,36,38,56-58). Different factors, e.g., water solubility, ionic and polarity properties, thermal stability, and the molecular weight of the compounds, determine the choice of the cleanup method. Moreover, micro-cleanup procedures and online enrichment techniques have been introduced for the automated determination of phenylureas (60). Table 6 summarizes the use of the different cleanup procedures in the determination of urea pesticides. 

Nitrobenzene is considered as a basic model system for studying molecular interactions and fundamental properties of nitro-aromatic compounds. They are essential compounds for manufacturing of explosives, pesticides and other chemicals. "... 

Secondary metabolites are produced by plants in response to biotic or abiotic interactions with their environment and confer protection through a variety of antimicrobial, pesticidal, and pharmacological properties. Alkaloids are a class of plant secondary metabolites that traditionally have been classified as basic compounds derived firom amino acids that contain one or more heterocyclic nitrogen atom. About 20 % of plant species accumulate alkaloids, which are mostly derived from amino acids, e.g., phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and lysine. The alkaloids are popular for their medicinal importance. The pharmaceutically important representatives of secondary metabolites are mostly alkaloids derived from tyrosine. In this chapter, we summarized the prior information, basic knowledge about the alkaloids, origin, physicochemical properties, uses, classification, biosynthetic reactions, and distribution of tyrosine-derived alkaloids especially opium alkaloids and their biosynthetic pathways in plants. We have also reviewed different web resources related to alkaloids and secondary metabolic pathway databases such as KEGG. 

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