Bases sodium hydroxide

Maleic Anhydride. The ACGIH threshold limit value in air for maleic anhydride is 0.25 ppm and the OSHA permissible exposure level (PEL) is also 0.25 ppm (181). Maleic anhydride is a corrosive irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Pulmonary edema (collection of fluid in the lungs) can result from airborne exposure. Skin contact should be avoided by the use of mbber gloves. Dust respirators should be used when maleic anhydride dust is present. Maleic anhydride is combustible when exposed to heat or flame and can react vigorously on contact with oxidizers. The material reacts exothermically with water or steam. Violent decompositions of maleic anhydride can be catalyzed at high temperature by strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, alkaU metals, and amines). Precaution should be taken during the manufacture and use of maleic anhydride to minimize the presence of basic materials. 

Earlier investigators employed strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide) or platinum on asbestos to... 

Benzodiazepine 4-oxide 1 rearranges to the 1,5-diazocine 5-oxide 2 upon treatment with base sodium hydroxide, ammonia or a basic ion-exchange resin can be employed.53 - 56... 

The hydroxide ion is a powerful proton acceptor. Thus, any compound that generates stoichiometric quantities of hydroxide ions when it dissolves in water is called a strong base. All Group 1 hydroxides, AOH (where A is any of the Group 1 cations), are strong bases. Sodium hydroxide is one example ... 

Arrhenius thought something similar to disassociation happened to bases, too. But he believed that instead of releasing a positive hydrogen ion like acids do, bases contributed a hydroxide ion to the solution. A hydroxide ion is a negative ion, and it is written OH-. For example, if the base sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it will break up into sodium ions and hydroxide ions, as follows ... 

When the base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in water, it also dissociates into its ions, sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) ... 

Background Thermochemistry is the study of heat changes and transfers associated with chemical reactions. In this thermochemical laboratory study, you will determine the enthalpy change that occurs when a strong base, sodium hydroxide, reacts with a strong acid, hydrochloric acid. Other mixtures studied will include ammonium chloride mixed with sodium hydroxide and ammonia mixed with hydrochloric acid. These three reactions are represented as ... 

Our approach utilized the metals gold, platinum, then later gold, platinum, and nickel electroplated in succession because the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide reaction we tested was most efficiently catalyzed with platinum.After fabrication of the nanowires they were freed by removing the conductive silver backing with nitric acid and the sacrificial template with a strong base, sodium hydroxide. Then nanorods were washed with deionized water and ultracentrifuged to achieve a neutral pH. 

A nicad cell has a cadmium electrode and another electrode that contains nickel(lll) oxyhydroxide, NiO(OH). When the cell is discharging, cadmium is the anode. When the cell is recharging, cadmium is the cathode. The electrolyte is a base, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. 

Consider a solution of sodium ethanoate, Na+CHjCOO". This is the salt of the weak acid, ethanoic acid, and the strong base, sodium hydroxide. Again, the equilibrium present in water is ... 

The side chain on the fused five-membered ring can, interestingly, form part of a piperidine or piperazine ring. The scheme for preparing the first of these takes advantage of the reactivity of the indole 3 position. The relatively weak base, sodium hydroxide, thus catalyzes the addition of bromoindole (16-1) to the carbonyl group in 4-iV-methylpiperidone (16-2) to afford carbinol (16-3). This product dehydrates in the presence of acid catalytic reduction of the thus-produced olefin then affords the... 

Reaction with bases - sodium hydroxide solution, copper(n) oxide and magnesium oxide. 

The reactions using some strong bases (sodium hydroxide [120, 121, 122, 123, 124] or sodium ethoxide [125]) are accompanied by nucleophilic substitution of the amino group at the 2 position of the cyanopyridine (Scheme 3.35). 

Use eq. 7.14 as a guide. The equilibrium lies on the side of the weakest acid (cyclopentanol) and weakest base (sodium hydroxide). 

The soluble bases are very limited in number and involve nondis-chargeable cations. Accordingly, when an aqueous solution of a base is electrolyzed, hydrogen gas is evolved at the cathode and, of course, the discharge of hydroxyl ions at the anode results in the liberation of gaseous oxygen. In such cases, the products are the same as those obtained by the electrolysis of water. Since a commercial application of the electrolysis of the strong base sodium hydroxide is described in the next section, no further discussion of this topic seems necessary at this juncture. 

Bigot et al. also used biphasic aqueous conditions for their telomerization reactions of glycerol, focusing mainly on optimization of various parameters for not only mono-, but also di- and tri-telomer production [88]. Unlike Behr, a positive influence of the base sodium hydroxide on activity was observed under their... 

Displacement of a Weak Base from Its Salt. An example of this kind of process is given by the action of the strong base, sodium hydroxide, upon a solution of the salt, ammonium chloride. The salt solution is odorless, but the odor of ammonia is observed as soon as the strong base is added. 

According to the Arrhenius concept, a base is a substance that produces OH-ions in aqueous solution. According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, a base is a proton acceptor. The bases sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) fulfill both criteria. They contain OH- ions in the solid lattice and behave as strong electrolytes, dissociating completely when dissolving in water ... 

Exhaustive alkylation of amines. Sommer et al. - have developed a new procedure by which primary and secondary amines are exhaustively alkylated to the quaternary stage in one step at room temperature. In the conventional procedure strong inorganic bases (sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate) are used to bind the generated acid high temperatures arc required, in the new procedure a strong organic base is u.scd DMF or acetonitrile is the usual solvent, and the reaction is complete in a few hours. The most... 

An oxide which with water forms a base is called a basic oxide. The oxides of the metals are basic oxides. Thus sodium oxide, Na O, reacts with water to form a base, sodium hydroxide ... 

Many aqueous solutions, especially those of organic substances (sugar, glycerol, alcohol), are also poor conductors of electricity. But many other aqueous solutions conduct an electric current very well These include solutions of most acids (hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, etc.), bases (sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc.) and salts (sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, etc.). 

Because of the limited solubility of many weak acids and weak bases in water, dmgs of these types are commonly used as their salts for example, sodium salicylate is the salt of a weak acid (salicylic acid) and a strong base (sodium hydroxide). The pH of a solution of this type of salt is given by... 

The hydrolysis of KF produces a basic solution the hydrolysis of NH4CI produces an acidic solution. What about sodium nitrate (NaN03) Sodium nitrate is the salt of a strong acid (nitric acid) and a strong base (sodium hydroxide). Little or no salt hydrolysis occurs and a solution of sodium nitrate is neutral. 

The important base sodium hydroxide, a solid, increases the OH concentration in water when it dissolves ... 

Permethylation of polysaccharides. Kuhn and Trischmann found that polysaccharides can be methylated very efficiently in DMSO with dimethyl sulfate and barium oxide and/or barium hydroxide. Srivastava et al. used the same method except for the substitution of sodium hydroxide as base. Sodium hydroxide pellets and dimethyl sulfate were added with stirring under nitrogen over 8 hrs. to a solution of undegraded stareh in dimethyl sulfoxide. After stirring for another 16 hrs. the mixture was heated to decompose the dimethyl sulfate, cooled, diluted, and neutralized, and the product was extracted with chloroform and precipitated from acetone with ether yield 91%, OCHa = 42.3%. Here the high solvent power of DMSO clearly contributes to the solvent effect. 

Strong Bases. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base used to make soap and other cleaning agents. Strong alkalis are often caustic. This means that they can burn skin. They can also dissolve some substances. Some alkalis are even poisonous. 

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