Barbier additions intramolecular

In 1993, Molander found that in the presence of catalytic Fe(III) salts, Sml2 mediates intramolecular Barbier additions to esters to give cyclic ketones (or cyclic hemiketals, if they prove to be stable).135 Double addition to the ester is not observed, nor is reduction of the cyclic ketone product. This suggests that the tetrahedral intermediate, a samarium alkoxide of a cyclic hemiketal, is partially stable to the reaction conditions and the ketone group is not revealed until work-up. Molander found that both alkyl and allyl halides could be used in the additions (Scheme 5.83).135... 

The Sml2-mediated intramolecular Barbier addition to amides is less common Fadel reported the diastereoselective cyclisation of chloroimide 122,137 while Ha carried out an intramolecular Barbier addition to the carbonyl of cyclic imide 123 (Scheme 5.86).138... 

Molander recognised the potential of the Sml2-mediated Barbier addition to esters for the initiation of sequential processes (Chapter 5, Section 5.4). Two types of cascade have been developed that involve nucleophilic acyl substitution the first type involves double intramolecular Barbier addition to an ester group (anionic-anionic sequences),17 and the second type consists of a Barbier addition to an ester followed by a carbonyl-alkene/alkyne cyclisation of the resultant ketone (anionic-radical sequences) (Scheme 6.12).18,19... 

Molander has also studied the Sml2-mediated double Barbier additions of alkyl dihalides to ketoesters.22,23 These impressive anionic-anionic, inter-molecular-intramolecular sequences require the use of Nil2 as an additive and irradiation with visible light and allow access to a range of bicyclic and tricyclic systems. The reactions proceed by reduction of the more reactive alkyl halide, intermolecular Barbier addition to the ketone, lactonisation and a second Barbier addition to the lactone carbonyl (Scheme 6.18).22... 

A Lewis acid push-pull mechanism proposed for the magnesium bromide promoted Barbier-type intramolecular cyclization of Grignard reagents derived from halo-substituted acetals, ketals, and orthoesters as depicted in (Scheme 9). Stereoselective addition of chiral a-aminoorganometallics to aldehydes has been reviewed. Chiral 1,4-dihydropyridines have been synthesized with good regio- and... 

An intramolecular 2-alkylation was also observed in a sulfonyl free radical induced addition-cyclization <95SL763>. A key intermediate in a new synthesis of pallescensin A (a biologically active labdane diterpene) was prepared by a cationic cyclization reaction with a furan <95SYN1141>. The sonochemical Barbier reaction was extended to carboxylate salts. 2-Furanylketones 10 can be obtained by sonication of a mixture of furan, lithium carboxylate, an alkylchloride, and lithium in THF <95JOC8>. 

Although Curran s rate data for the reduction of radicals to organosamar-iums allow for an element of predictablity,2 problems can arise when multifunctional substrates are involved. For example, in the attempted intramolecular Barbier reaction of alkyl iodide 13, treatment with Sml2 results in the formation of side product 15 in addition to the expected product cyclohexanol 14 (Scheme 3.7).8 In this case, the p-keto amide motif in 13 is reduced at a rate competitive with alkyl iodide reduction, indicating that there are likely two mechanistic pathways through which the reaction proceeds a thermodynamic pathway initiated by reduction of the R I bond providing the... 

Intramolecular Sml2-mediated Barbier Reactions Involving Addition to Aldehydes and Ketones... 

Barbier cyclization (cf. 11, 307-308).- Sml, is effective for intramolecular cycli-zation of ot-(co-iodoalkyl)cycloalkanones to bicyclic alcohols. Yields can be improved by addition of Fe(IIl) catalysts such as tris(dibenzoylmethane)iron (6, 259). Cyclizations induced with ytterbium(ll) iodide are also stereoselective. 

The intramolecular variant of the chrDmium(II) ion mediated Barbier-(jiignard-type addition reaction was first described by Still and Mobilio in an elegant synthesis of ( )-Aspeidiol (122 R = H). Chro-mium(II)-mediated cyclization of (121 R = Bn) provided a 4 1 mixture of (122) and (123) in 64% yield (equation 50). The relative topicity of the process is Ik. This result is in acco with a syncliiud chair transition structure (124) in which both hydrocarbon chains diverge from the reacting centers pseudo-... 

Evidence for a radical coupling mechanism (as opposed to a carbanionic carbonyl addition mechanism) in the intramolecular Smh-promoted Barbier reactions has come from studies on appropriately functionalized substrates in the 3-keto ester series. It is well known that heterosubstituents are rapidly eliminated when they are adjacent to a carbanionic center. Indeed, treatment of a 3-methoxy organic halide (suitably functionalized for cyclization ) with an organolithium reagent leads only to alkene (equation 48). No cyclized material can be detected. On the other hand, treatment of the same substrate with Sml2 provides cyclized product and a small amount of reduced alcohol, with none of the alkene detected by gas chromatographic analysis (equation 49). ... 

These examples again have some mechanistic implications in that they appear to rule out cyclization via 5n2 displacement of the halide by a samarium ketyl. However, one cannot distinguish between a mechanism based on allylsamarium addition to the carbonyl versus an electron transfer mechanism as outlined for the alkyl hdide substrates above. Both mechanisms allow for isomerization of the double bond (via 1,3-allylic transposition in the case of an allylmetallic, or configurational instability in an allylic radical in a diradical coupling mechanism) and also provide reasonable routes for generation of butadiene. Further mechanistic work is clearly required in order to provide a more detailed understanding of all of these intramolecular Barbier-type reactions. 

Tetraglyme (2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane) has been used in the hy-droxymethylation of aldehydes via addition of benzyl chloromethyl ether in the presence of Sml2. Addition of tetraglyme suppresses the competitive pinacol formation, presumably by a complex formation with Sml2 as evidenced by a purple color [25]. Tetraglyme has also been used as a cosolvent in an intramolecular Barbier reaction involving an iodoaldehyde and a THF solution of diiodosamar-ium [26]. 

Ring expansion. A Barbier-type reaction occurs when 2-(2-iodoallyl)cyclo-hexanones are treated with a mixture of Me SiSnEua and CsF. Fragmentation follows the intramolecular addition if a leaving group is installed at C-3 of the substrate cyclohexanones and, as a result, 4-cyclooctenones are formed. 

A quite different version of the Li-Barbier reaction, which was recently published [38], has already been referred to on p. 86 n-Butyllithium was used to generate the intermediate lithium compound from iV-(2-iodobenzyl) phenacyla-mine, achieving the first ever reported intramolecular Barbier reaction, with an aryl halide. As was the case with the iodonitrile (p. 86 of this Section), the metal-halogen exchange reaction of the n-butyllithium proved to be much faster than the carbonyl addition reaction. 

The other reactions are the addition reaction of carbonyl groups [16,19], the addition reaction of carbon—nitrogen unsaturated bond, intramolecular rearrangements (3.19) [16] and the Barbier reaction of sonochemistry, etc. Here, 1 will describe only the Barbier reactions of sonochemistry. Recently, an ultrasonic technique has been used for dispersion, emulsification, deaeration, and washing. In 1986, this ultrasonic technique had also started to be used for organosynthetic reactions, and it was noted that the organosynthetic method simply shows short reaction time and high yields [22]. It is considered that the improvements in the reaction rate with ultrasound is caused by cavitation phenomena. 

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