Ballistic impact testing

Bir et al." have analyzed the effect of blunt ballistic impact of a baton-type, less-lethal projectile on the thoracic region using human cadavers. She determined human-response corridors and developed biomechanical surrogates, which can be used for testing different new projectiles for their blunt ballistic impact. The human-response force corridor for blunt thoracic impact by a thermoplastic polyurethane-based baton round with 37 mm diameter, weighing 30 g, and traveling... 

Lead Block and Copper Cylinder Compression Tests (113-15) Ballistic Pendulum Test (115-16) Fragmentation Test (Geschoss-Splitter Probe (118) Impact Test by Falling Weight (118-20) Deflagration Point (Verpuf-fungstemperatur) (120) Friction Test (120-21) Rifle Bullet Test (Beschussprobe) (121)... 

Power by Trauzl Test (142-45), by Compression Test (Ensayo por recalcado) (145-46) and by Ballistic. Pendulum (146) Fragmentation Test (148-49) Impact Test (Ensayo con un pilon) (150-53) Temperature of Deflagration (153) Friction Test (Ensayo de rozamiento) (153-54) Rifle Bullet Test (Ensayo de impacto) (154)... 

Shoeiyaku. Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN), C(CH2ON02)4 mw 316.14, N 17.72% wh crysts, d 1.77, mp 141° Brisance by Plate Dent Test 129% TNT Explosion Temperature 225° (decomp in 5 secs) Impact Sensitivity BurMines-App, 2-kg Wt 17cm (vs 100+ for TNT) Power by Ballistic Mortar Test 145% TNT Rate of Detonation 8300m/sec (Ref 8, p 276). Pressed PETN was used in Army 7.7 12.7-mm Fuzeless Projectiles and 20-mm MG Projs. Also in Boosters. Its mixt with TNT is called Pentoriru (qv). PETN with 8.5% wax was used for loading 20-mm Shells. Its mixtures with RDX were used in 7.7 12.7-mm Projectiles. PETN was also used in Incendiary Mixtures (Ref 1, p 27 Ref 5, p 372)... 

Power, by Ballistic Mortar Test — 138% TNT Sensitivity to Impact — comparable with PETN Stability at RT — decomposes with evolution of nitrogen oxides on standing for several weeks... 

Impact Sensitivity — comparable with PETN(FI) Power by Ballistic Mortar Test — 108% TNT Power by Trauzl Test — 115% TNT Thermal Stability at 135° — acidic in 30 mins Uses Due to the presence of excess O, HNEt forms in mixts with HE s deficient in O, very powerful e pls. Claessen (Ref 2) patented in 1913 several mixts with TNT suitable as bursting or booster chges of artillery shells. 

When wet Stainless steels are unaffected Al si affected Cu, brass, Mg, Mg-Al alloy, mild steels are considerably affected Power by Ballistic Mortar Test — 119% TNT Power by Trauzl Test — 120% TNT Rifle Bullet Impact Test — Burned 7%, Unaffected 93%... 

W() Kirk Othmer, Vol 8(1952), pp 654-57 (Section on Testing Exolosives which includes Impact Tests, Explosion Temperature Tests, Sensitivity to Initiation, Pendulum Friction Test, Rifle Bullet Test, Sand Test, Rate of Detonation Determination, Ballistic Pendulum Test, Trauzl Lead Block Test,... 

KL) Anon, "Military Explosives", TM 9-1300-214/TO 11A-1-34 (1967). Chapter 5. Properties and Tests of High Explosives Sensitivity to Frictional Impact (pp 5 1 to 5-3) Sensitivity to Friction (5 3 to 5-6) Sensitivity to Frictional Impact (5-6) Sensitivity to Heat and Spark, which includes Explosion Temperature Test (5-6 to 5-9) Sensitivity to Initiation (5-9) Stability Tests, which include 75° International Test, 100° Heat Test, Vacuum Stability Test and Potassium Iodide—Starch Test (5 9 to 5-15) Brisance Tests which include Sand Test, Plate Dent Test and Fragmentation Test (5 15 to 5-18 and Fig 5 13 on p 5-19) Initiating Value (5-18 5-20) Sympathetic Detonation (5-20 to 5-21) Power which includes Heat of Explosion Test, Ballistic Pendulum Test and Trauzl Lead Block Test (5-21. to 5-24) Blast Effect (5-24 to 5-27) Cratering Effect (5-28 5 29) and Munroe-Neumann Effect (5-29 to 5 35)... 

Impact Sensitivity by Brucetofl No 3 Apparatus, 50% positive in brass cups with 5kg weight at 90cm drop, vs 50cm for RDX Power by Ballistic. Mortar Test, 127% TNT Power by Trauzl Lead Block Test, 129% TNT Rate of Detonation. See Detonation Velocity Rifle Bullet Test. In 7 trials conducted in Canada with charges placed in steel pipe nipples — 5 passed, 1 detonated and 1 partially detonated... 

CH2.C(N02)(CH20N03)2 mw 448.22, N 18.75%i OB to C02 minus 21.4%, crysts, mp 134°. A powerful expl Ballistic Mortar Test 147% TNT temp of expln (calcd) 4187°K heat of expln at const vol 554.6keal/inol heat of combstn at const vol 958.6kcal/mol sensitivity to Impact — equal to PETN. It can be prepd by conden-... 

TNBzlN is an expl about as powerful as tetryl (ca 126-7% TNTby Ballistic Mortar Test) and si less sensitive to impact than PETN. It possesses adequate stability and favorable oxygen balance to CO C7H4N40g - 7C0+2H20 + 2NZ... 

Tests of these expls,in comparison with TNT, 80/20 Amatol, Ammonal Torpex,showed them to have approx the same sensitivity to impact as Ammonal, but more sens than either 80/20 Amatol or TNT,and less sens than Torpex. The brisance values were less than those of Ammonal, Torpex, TNT 80/20 Amatol, except for Boronite C, which gave a higher value than 80/20 Amatol. Fragmentation tests also showed the Boronites to be inferior to TNT with regard to the number of fragments produced. However, Ballistic Mortar Test showed all Boronites to be ca 20% stronger than TNT, but inferior to Ammonal Torpex... 

C02 -36.2% pale yel crysts(from acet+w), mp 118-9°(dec) was prepd by addg liq Br to an aq KOH soln of N-methyl-ethylenedinitramine and stirring with subsequent cooling. The following expl props were reported Explosion Temperature, no expln at 360° in 5 secs Impact Sensitivity 6.6cm at 50% point(RDX=35cm) Power by Ballistic Mortar Test, 101% TNT Thermal Stability by 135° Heat Test, sample ignited in 4mins... 

Dinitro-iso-butane, C4H8N2C>4 mw 148.12, N 18.91%. Two isomers are described in the literature 1, l-Dinitro-2-methylpropane or a,a-Dinitro-isobutane, (CH3)2CH.CH.(NOz)2, non-volatile oil forms K Ag salts which are not expl(Ref 1) and 1,2-Dinitro-iso-butane, (CH3)zC(N02).CH2.N02, wh cryst solid(from MeOH), mp 52-3°, bp 92° at 1mm, was obtd as the primary product in the reaction between iso-butylene dinitrogen tetroxide in ether or ester medium(Refs 2 4). This compd is a mild expl(51% of Blasting Gelatin by Ballistic Mortar Test) very insensitive to friction or impact and is stable in storage at RT 50° on heating in vacuum at 100° for 40hrs(Ref la Ref 4,p 57)(See also Ref 5)... 

Butyltetryl is an expl comparable in power brisance to TNT(97.5% TNT by Ballistic Mortar Test and the same as TNT by Sand Test) its sensitivity to impact is ca the same as that of Tetryl. It expl at 210° and is si more sensitive to initiation that Tetryl(0.4g requires 0.19g MF vs 0.24g MF for 0.4g Tetryl). Butyltetryl was recommended for use in boosters, reinforced deconators, detonating fuse priming caps(Refs 8, 9 10) [2,4,6-Trinitro-N-nitro-N-(iso-botyl)]... 

Its other props were Brisance, by Sand Test 90% of TNT Friction, by Pendulum Test - no explns Hygroscopiciry - 2.1%, when exposed to air of 90% RH at 30 Power, by Ballistic Pendulum 96% of TNT Rifle Bullet Impact Test -explns Sensitivity to Initiation - more sensitive than TNT Stability as packed, as shown by longterm storage tests - satisfactory Stability in the 75° International Test - loses 1% of wt but no deterioration Stability at 100° in 96 hrs - volatilization, but no decompn... 

Impact tests may be performed with notched or unnotched specimens, but the results cannot be compared. The presence of a notch induces a great part of the crack initiation energy. The speed of the striker or of the crosshead may be varied from 1ms-1 to several kms-1 for ballistic tests strain rates may vary in the range of 10-1 up to 100 s-1. Very often the energy for failure is divided by the effective cross-sectional area or the deformed volume, in order to calculate, respectively, the surface or the volume resilience. Using the compliance formula and simple assumptions, GIc may be directly calculated (Williams, 1984). 

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