Bale Opening

Bale opening consists of opening the bales and converting them into single-fiber flocks. The type and intensity of the individualization of the fibers critically influence the further processing steps. The more intensively the cotton fibers have been individualized, the more contamination particles appear on the surface of the fiber bulk and may be removed. Target weights for the individualized flocks are about 0.02 to 0.03 g. 

With modern bale-reducing systems, up to 80 bales are lined up on the floor and reduced by a programmable bale breaker in layers from top to bottom. Fiber flocks are removed mechanically with the help of beaters (Fig. 3.3). The fiber flocks are then transported by air streams through pipelines. 

Working elements of a bale breaker (Courtesy of Trutzschler) 

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Bale opening 98 Bast and hard fibers 42 BCF process 84 Biaxial noncrimp fabrics 242... 

The process operated by ACl is outlined in Figure 7. Bales of cotton linter are opened, cooked in dilute caustic soda, and bleached with sodium hypochlorite. The resulting highly purified ceUulose is mixed with pre-precipitated basic copper sulfate in the dissolver, and 24—28% ammonium hydroxide cooled to below 20°C is added. The mixture is agitated until dissolution is complete. If necessary, air is introduced to aUow oxidative depolymerization and hence a lowering of the dope viscosity. 

This incendiary is very good for use against all kinds of wooden structures, including heavy beams and timbers. It also works well on paper, rags, straw, excelsior, and other tinder type materials. It will start fires in open containers of flammable liquids, piles of coal, coke, or lumber, and on baled rags and paper. It is not effective against metal. 

Fig. 1. Summary of chrysotile-steady state element fluxes (A) Mg and (B) Si as a function of pH. Filled and open diamonds are steady-state fluxes determined after the onset of an experiment and after a pH-jump, respectively. Circles are Bales Morgan (1985) element fluxes their rates were determined in C02-free solutions. The solid line is the linear least square fit to all the data. The stars are the range in fluxes determined from field serpentine weathering (Freyssinet Farah 2000).

Cotton or wood pulp as delivered to nitrocellulose plants contains 6% or more of moisture. This moisture should be removed prior to nitration so that it does not bring about any dilution of the mixed acid and thereby change the course of the reaction. Cotton is usually transported in the form of compressed bales, which are opened and shredded before drying. Wood cellulose, in the form of pressed cellulose pulp or of crepe paper, is dealt with similarly. Dryers for dehydrating cotton or cellulose may be of various types. The simplest is the shelf drier, equipped with mechanical ventilation and heaters situated at the bottom, supplied with water or steam so as to maintain a temperature of 80-100°C inside the drier. 

The firstlarge supply ofterrestrial helium on Earth was discovered in 1903 when drillers opened a huge pocket of natural gas near Dexter, Kansas. A quarter million cubic meters of gas spewed forth daily. Residents were amazed when it extinguished a flaming bale of hay rather than producing a huge torch. TWo University of Kansas chemistry professors identified it to contain abundant helium. 

Solid Samples Cut a piece approximately 2 in. x 3 in. x 5 in. from the corner of a polymer bale, and pass it through a cold mill, set at least V4 in. open, four times, reversing the sample on each pass. Cut the sample into two pieces at least 1 in. from the edge to expose clean polymer, and then dice approximately 2 g of the clean polymer or cut into small strips. Transfer 1.5 g, accurately weighed, into a 4-oz bottle fitted with a polyethylene cap, add 25.0 mL of the AMS-Solvent Solution, cap tightly, and agitate on a mechanical shaker until the polymer dissolves. 

The reprocessor receives baled bottles from a collection company. The bales are opened and conveyed to a grinder. Workers stand by the conveyer and remove undesirable items such as cans, pumps, sprayers, and closures. They can also sort various fractions from the conveyor, such as black, white, natural, or various color sorts. 

There were no heaped bales and kegs of merchandise in Ca Sanudo, as there were in Ca Barbolano, but the walls were lined with bookcases all the way to the end and the floor was cluttered with crates, a few of which stood open, revealing that they contained books. The air was sickly with the odor of wood, varnish, and leather. This was a major library, many times larger than the Maestro s, but of course Zuanbattista had inherited the estate of his publisher brother-in-law. 

The more I asked, the more lost I felt. My questions became frantic, people looked at me strangely, I was on the brink of tears. Someone should have known the De Lerys. I tried another tactic. I peered through open doors, saw rack after rack of silk bales, carts loaded with silk thread, the confusion and commotion of the looms and the vats of dye, the lanterns of the pattern drawers, the nerve-tingling slicing of silk. Everyone had a purpose except me. 

After the grey fabrics have been received in the grey room by the finishing enterprises, the bales are opened and inspected, a process which is increasingly mechanical, but much of it remains subjective. The most important point is to obtain fabrics free from exterior impurities in order to achieve smooth and trouble free results in the subsequent finishing systems. 

Fig. 6.5-17 Mobile hay collection equipment with high pressure ram press [6.5.2.3]. The cylindrical compacts are transferred into an open car by pushing them through the transport pipe on top of the machine Fig. 6.5-18 Comparison of volume of compacts (left) produced with the equipment shown in Fig. 6.5-17 and a conventional bale (right) from the same material [6.5.2.3]...

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