Baker Rupture

It is convenient to calculate a TNT equivalent of a physical explosion to use the military results of Figures 9.1-4 and 5. Baker et al. (1983) give a recipe for the rupture of a gas filled container assuming expansion occurs isothermally and the perfect gas laws apply (equation 9.1-25), where W is... 

Baker et al. (1975) developed a method, presented below, for predicting blast effects fiom the rupture of gas-filled pressure vessels. They include a method for calculating the overpressure and impulse of blast waves from the rupture of spherical or cylindri-... 

PROP From ruptured ceKs of Saccharomjees cerevisiae. Liquid, paste or powder. Water sol. SYNS AUTOLYZED YEAST EXTRACT BAKER S YEAST GLYCAN... 

Fraction PPX (15.8 g.) of Table XXV was treated with 2.85 N sulfuric acid at 100° for one hour. As a result, 57 % of the D-glucosidic linkages were ruptured. Maltose and D-glucose were removed, and 5.2 g. of a sirupy disaccharide, fermented very slowly by bakers yeast, was recovered. The rate of hydrolysis of this disaccharide in acid was considerably slower than that of fraction PPX hence, the isomaltose linkages have been concentrated during the first hydrolysis. 

Osmotic pressure was the mechanism of a ruptur-able dosage form, which was proposed by Baker in 1976 [36] 7iig goj-g tablet, which contained a drug and a disintegrant, was coated with cellulose derivates such as ethylcellulose or cellulose acetate. The core protection was defined as the time until the coating ruptured and the drug was released. 

Lin et al. (55,63) have described a method to lyse baker s yeast cells using subcritical and SCF CO2 (25-35°C, 7-34 MPa). In a batch process, pressurized CO2 was allowed to permeate the cells for a fixed time, followed by rapid depressurization. The rapid depressurization resulted in explosive expansion of the CO2 within the cells, leading to cell rupture and release of the cellular components. SCF CO2 at 35°C and 20 MPa was the most effective for enzyme release. Higher temperatures were more effective at cell disruption, but they also resulted in lower activity of the released enzymes. Enzyme release from baker s yeast cells was further enhanced with the addition of a cell-wall-lytic enzyme, (3-glucuronidase, to the cell mass before pressurization (55). 

Alternative diagnosis likely (ruptured Baker s cyst, —2.0... 

The knee also can be involved, with loss of cartilage, instability, and joint pain. Synovitis of the knee may cause the formation of a cyst behind the knee called a popliteal or Baker s cyst. These cysts may become painful as they get tense, or they may rupture, producing a clinical picture similar to thrombophlebitis secondary to the release of inflammatory components into the area of the calf muscle. Chronic joint pain leads to muscle atrophy, which can result in a laxity of the ligamentous structures that support the knee, causing instability. Maintenance of an adequate range of motion of the knee is essential to normal gait. 

B. Tarr-Baker syringe piston pressing on gel s surface relative amount of heavy liquid to rupture gel Inexpensive... 

AIChE/CCPS (1994) describe a number of techniques for estimating overpressure for a rupture of a gas filled container. These methods are derived mostly from the work of Baker et al. (1983) based on small scale experimental studies. 

Example 24 Baker s Method for Ovopressure from a Ruptured Vessel... 

FIGURE 3.22. Spreadsheet from Example 24 Baker s method for overpressure from a ruptured vessel. 

AIChE (1994) describes a procedure developed by Baker et al. (1975) and Tang et al. (1996) for determining both the peak overpressure and impulse due to vessels bursting from pressurized gas. This procedure is too detailed to be described in detail here. The method results in an estimate of the overpressure and impulse due to blast waves from the rupture of spherical or cylindrical vessels located at groimd level. The method depends on the phase of the vessel s contents, its boiling point at ambient pressure, its critical temperature, and its actual temperature. An approach is also presented to determine blast pressures in the near-field, based on the results of numerical simulations. These methods are only for the prediction of pressure effects. 

In the lower limb, compression US and color Doppler imaging can easily diagnose deep venous thrombosis and distinguish a vascular problem from other musculoskeletal conditions that may mimic it, including a ruptured Baker cyst (see Chapter 14) or a post-traumatic hematoma (see Chapter 15). The classic description ofvenous thrombosis is that of an enlarged vein with thickened walls containing echogenic material with multiple sur-... 

The most common complication of a Baker cyst is its rupture. Clinically, this condition is characterized by diffuse painful swelling and tenderness over the calf. This picture closely resembles that of thrombophlebitis (pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome) and can be diagnosed at US by showing partial or complete emptying of the cyst with extravasion of fluid in the distal subcutaneous tissue (Figs. 14.100,... 

In conclusion, the role of imaging modalities to diagnose Baker cysts depends on the questions raised by the referring clinicians. If the clinicians want to know whether a Baker cyst exists in a patient with a well-defined intra-articular disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis, US is the technique of choice. If he or she already knows that a Baker cyst is present, US can be used to detect complications, such as rupture and compression, and can guide diagnostic puncture. MR imaging is, however, necessary to assess the intraarticular structures. 

The differential diagnosis list for a tear of the medial head of the gastrocnemius includes leg thrombophlebitis, recent rupture of a Baker cyst and, occasionally, Achilles tendon tear (Liu et Chen. 1989 JAMADAR et al. 2002). As described elsewhere, these conditions can be accurately distinguished with US from a tear of the medial head. Soleus tears can occasionally mimic a tennis leg lesion (Fig. 15.26). Similar to lateral head ruptures, these latter injuries are relatively rare, probably because the soleus is mainly composed of type 1 fibers which are devoted to slow contraction. On the other hand, there is no clear explanation as to why lateral head... 

Eq. 33, except with the subscript 0 on y and e. It is practical to calculate for a given location, intensity measure type, and intensity measure level, the contribution of each fault segment, magnitude, rupture location, and value of Eq to the frequency with which the site is expected to experience ground motion of at least the specified intensity measure level. In fact, Eq. 26 shows that the site hazard is summed from such values. (For simplicity that equation omits mention of , but the extension is modest.) See Baker and Cornell (2005) for more information. 

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