Bacterial pathogens animals

Veterinary Potential or Fiorfenicol. The absolute ban on the use of chloramphenicol ia food producing animals ia the United States and Canada has accentuated the need for an effective broad spectmm antibiotic ia animal food medicine. Fiorfenicol and other antibiotics commonly used ia veterinary medicine have been evaluated in vitro against a variety of important veterinary and aquaculture pathogens. Some of these data ate shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. Fiorfenicol was broadly active having MICs lower than those of chloramphenicol in each of the genera tested (Table 4). Florfenicol was also superior to chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, oxytetracycline [79-57-2] ampicillin [69-53-4] and oxolinic acid [14698-29-4] against the most commonly isolated bacterial pathogen of fish in Japan (Table 5) (37). 

Bhunia, A. K., and Wampler, J. L. (2005). Animal and cell culture models for foodborne bacterial pathogens. In "Foodborne Pathogens Microbiology and Molecular Biology" (P. Fratamico, A. K. Bhunia, and J. L. Smith, eds.), pp. 15-32. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk. 

The ability of dietary consumption of foods containing LAB to modulate immune responses has been thoroughly studied in animal models. Dietary consumption of LAB and Bifidobacteria strains have been shown to enhance protection against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Physiological responses have been shown to correspond with the cell-mediated immune responses that have the Thl cell bias. 

Hueck, C. Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62 (1998) 379—433. 

Higher plants are sessile and are consumed by motile organisms, namely other eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Plants defend themselves by physical barriers including cell walls at the cellular level, by the waxy cuticle of leaves and by bark and thorns at the macroscopic level. Plants also defend themselves from fungal and bacterial pathogens and animal herbivores by elaborating a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites and defensive proteins. There may be as many as 100,000 different kinds of plant defensive compounds of which about 30,000 have been isolated and structurally characterized. Biochemical targets have been determined in vitro or in vivo for some thousands of the defensive compounds isolated to date. 

Antimicrobial action usually depends on the inhibition of biochemical events that exist in or are essential to the bacterial pathogen but not the host animal. Unfortunately, the action of antimicrobial agents is not selective for pathogenic microorganisms and the balance between the commensal flora can be seriously disturbed, particularly in the colon of horses (macrolides, lincosamides and, paren ter ally administered doxycycline). 

Table 1 Carbohydrates as attachment sites for bacterial pathogens on animal tissues (Adapted from [19])...

E. coli 0157 H7 is a bacterial pathogen that has a reservoir in cattle and other. similar animals. Human illness typically follows consumption of food or w ater that has been contaminated with microscopic amounts of cow feces. The illness it causes is often a severe and bloody diarrhea and painful abdominal cramps, without much fever. In 3% to 5% of cases, a complication called hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur several weeks after the initial symptoms. This severe complication includes temporary anemia, profuse bleeding, and kidney failure. 

Three of the most prominent capsular types of Pasteurella multocida, a widespread Gram-negative animal bacterial pathogen, are sources of acidic GAGs. Carter Types A, D, or F produce hyaluronan, heparosan, or chondroitin polysaccharides, respectively (Table I 2). This report summarizes our sugar engineering approach employing the Pasteurella biosynthetic enzymes. 

Antibiotics have been used for the treatment of infectious diseases and for a number of non-human applications (agriculture, animal husbandry, and aquaculture) during the past 70 years (Levy and Marshall 2004). Prior to the introduction of antibiotics, natural populations of human/animal bacterial pathogens or commensal bacteria were susceptible to antibiotics (Hughes and Datta 1983). Immediately after the entry of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases, the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was observed. Today, the overwhelming majority of enterobacteria are resistant to sulfonamides, the first antibacterial chemotherapeutics introduced in clinical practice in 1937. Additionally, a high proportion of bacteria are resistant to a broad range of penicillins, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines. 

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