Bacterial check

Take the medium from step d of the subculture procedure and centrifuge at 800 g for 15 min. Discard the supernatant. Using a platinum loop, place the sediment on a blood agar plate (Appendix 4) and incubate at 37°C for at least 2 days to check for bacterial growth (Chapter 9). 

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Bacterial examination could be used to confirm the presence of (and perhaps identify) the species. Where soluble oil is being degraded, or where a noticeable loss of anti-corrosion properties has been detected, a check on the pH (alkalinity/acidity) of the system would be advantageous. 

Misleading interpretation might result if bacterial population estimation were applied to material held under refrigerated conditions. Under such conditions bacterial development is materially held in check, while physiological deterioration still continues to... 

To check if PemB is surface exposed, E. chrysanthemi cells were subjected to proteolysis. Treatment of the cell suspension with trypsin, proteinase K or chimotrypsin at a concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml for 1 h did not cause PemB proteolysis or its liberation into the medium. Cell pre-treatment with EDTA-lysozyme, which renders the periplasmic proteins accessible to proteases, gave no effect. PemB was also resistant to proteolytic digestion in extract of cells disrupted by sonication or in a French press. Only addition of Triton X-100 (up to 0.1%) causing formation of the micelles with PemB lead to a quick proteolyis of this protein (data not shown). In another approach to analyse the PemB exposition, bacterial cells were labelled with sulfo-NHS-biotin. This compound is unable to cross membranes and biotinylation... 

In addition to the urgent problem of capacity, manufacturers have to cope with the operating costs of production, which are increased by the need for skilled personnel and expensive media components. Another cost driver is the inherent contamination risk when using mammalian cell culture systems. All materials must be checked closely for bacterial and viral contamination, and the presence of prions and endotoxins. This affects not only the manufacturing process, but also downstream materials and even human semm albumin (HSA) used for formulations. In the end, production costs add up to 100-1000 per gram of therapeutic protein. 

In endemic areas malaria should always be considered and, if possible, checked by blood film analysis otherwise empiric antimalarial treatment may be indicated (see section on malaria). Empiric treatment should further cover the spectrum of bacterial agents likely to cause septic infections in the particular patient. The potentially fatal course of septic disease requires an antibiotic regimen that is rapidly lethal for the causative agent, and preferably attains adequate levels at the site of infection quickly. Therefore, treatment regimens usually include a combination of two (sometimes three) antibiotics that are given by a parenteral route (intramuscularly or preferably by intravenous infusion). 

Table 2 gives details of some conventional regimes (see British National Formulary, 2008). The efficacy of therapy can be checked by Radiocarbon-labelled urea breath testing (which depends upon release of labelled carbon dioxide by bacterial urease) or by testing gastric biopsy material for persistence of gastric urease, but should only be done after eradication therapy has been discontinued for at least a month, and whilst any anti-secretory treatment has been discontinued (because it tends to suppress but does not eradicate the organism). 

DieP. pelleted complete diet should be provided from a reliable source with a certificate of analysis and regular checks for chemical and bacterial contaminants. 

CFU=colony fonning units). A serial dilution of the Ag ions dispersion and the silver nanoparticles dispersion was prepared within a desired range. Ten mL of the standardized culture suspension was then inoculated and tubes were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the inhibiting agent that completely inhibited bacterial growth the unit for MIC was chosen as mg (Ag) per L. MIC was examined visually, by checking the turbidity of the tubes. 

Check for signs of contamination gross bacterial contamination of the reservoir is potentially hazardous (see Section 3 7.2 )... 

Check the integrity of the bacterial membrane by measuring the percentage of propidium iodide uptake, by adding propidium iodide to an aliquot of the peptide-treated bacteria and to controls at a final concentration of 10 (xg/mL. 

Each batch should be checked for bacterial contamination in... 

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