Bacillus subtilis synthesis

Early studies by Terawaki and Greenberg on the antibiotic activity of carzinophilin established that it inhibited DNA synthesis but not RNA or protein synthesis in E. coli strain Bo and in Bacillus subtilis [134]. They also found that exposure to carzinophilin removed the transforming capacity of B. subtilis DNA [135]. They... 

Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis Gram-positive bacteria Wall synthesis... 

J. Seibel, R. Moraru, S. Gotze, K. Buchholz, S. Na amnieh, A. Pawlowski, and H. J. Hecht, Synthesis of sucrose analogues and the mechanism of action of Bacillus subtilis fructosyltransferase (levansucrase), Carbohydr. Res., 341 (2006) 2335-2349. 

P. S. J. Cheetam, A. J. Hacking, and M. Vlitos, Synthesis of novel disaccharides by a newly isolated fructosyltransferase from Bacillus subtilis, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 11 (1989) 212-219. 

Fujino, A., Asano, M., Yamaguchi, H., Shirasaka, N., Sakoda, A., Ikunaka, M., Obata, R., Nishiyama, S. and Sugai, T., Bacillus subtilis epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed preparation of enan-tiopure 2-methylpropane-l,2,3-triol monobenzyl ether and its application to expeditious synthesis of (R)-hicalutamide. Tetrahedron Lett., 2007, 48, 979. 

Figure 4 Recognition elements of tRNA° ". Highlighted in blue with bars are the recognition elements for Gln-tRNA° " synthesis by GatCAB and GatDE. The U1-A72 base pair is a common identity element, while antideterminants for noncognate tRNAs are scanned for in the D-loop. Highlighted in magenta are the identity elements of tRNA° " for GlnRS.tRNA " from Bacillus subtilis is shown, but base modifications at positions 32-38 and 33-37 allow base pairing in E. coll tRNA " .

Ito T, Neilands JB (1958) Products of "Low-iron Fermentation" with Bacillus subtilis Isolation, Characterization and Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylglycine. J Am Chem Soc 80 4645... 

Peters WJ, Warren RAJ (1968) Itoic Acid Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 95 360... 

N-Acetvlneuraminic Acid Aldolase. A new procedure has also been developed for the synthesis of 9-0-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid using the aldolase catalyzed reaction methodology. This compound is an unusual sialic acid found in a number of tumor cells and influenza virus C glycoproteins (4 ). The aldol acceptor, 6-0-acetyl-D-mannosamine was prepared in 70% isolated yield from isopropenyl acetate and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine catalyzed by protease N from Bacillus subtilis (from Amano). The 6-0-acetyl hexose was previously prepared by a complicated chemical procedure (42.) The target molecule was obtained in 90% yield via the condensation of the 6-0-acetyl sugar and pyruvate catalyzed by NANA aldolase (Figure 6). With similar procedures applied to KDO, 2-deoxy-NANA and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-NANA were prepared from NANA. 

Bacillus subtilis defense mechanism, 610 bovine semm albumin y-radiation, 614 generation inhibition, 612 hydroperoxide synthesis, 315, 320 ludgenin oxidation, 645, 1250-1 luminol oxidation, 643, 644, 1242-4 organic sulfur compounds, 1032-9 ozone water disinfection, 606 peroxynitrite generation, 10, 611-12 Superoxide dismutase (SOD)... 

Bacitracin is a mixture of polypeptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis. As with penicillin, it contains a thiazolidine nucleus attached through L-leucine to a peptide composed of both d- and L-amino acids. However, it does not contain a (3-lactam ring. Bacitracin prevents cell wall synthesis by binding to a lipid pyrophosphate carrier that transports cell wall precursors to the growing cell wall. 

Iturins are a group of fungicidal cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis m m m All members of this group are cyclic octapeptides with seven a-amino acids and a unique 13-amino fatty acid homologue of iturinic acid. The predominant iturin-A isomer, A2, contains the n-C14-isomer of iturinic acid (Itu) (Scheme 8). The synthesis of the molecule can be divided into two steps with the first stage consisting of the assembly of the linear octapeptide on solid phase followed by the backbone cyclization in solution. 

This antibiotic is obtained from Bacillus subtilis. It is effective against gram positive (cocci and bacilli). Neisseria and H. influenzae. It is used only topically as antibacterial powder, skin and eye ointment and acts by inhibiting the cell wall synthesis. It is bactericidal. 

Bacillus subtilis H17 rec MA5 recT, DNA damage assay Saccharomyces cerevisiae JDl, gene conversion Drosophila melanogaster, sex-linked recessive lethal mutation Unscheduled DNA synthesis, primary rat hepatocytes in vitro Sister chromatid exchange, Chinese hamster ovary CHO cells in vitro... 

More recently, the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of inulin-containing hydrogels was reported [54]. The key point was the solubility of inulin [a mixture of oligomers and polymers containing 2-60 (or more) 5-2,1 linked D-fructose molecules having a glucose unit as the initial residue] in dimethylformamide (DMF), a fact that allowed its esterification by action of a protease from Bacillus subtilis. 

Polled hereford calves in Australia develop maple syrup urine disease relatively often/ 6 One cause was established as a mutation that introduces a stop codon that causes premature termination within the leader peptide during synthesis of the thiamin diphosphate-dependent El subunit. A similar biochemical defect in a mutant of Bacillus subtilis causes difficulties for this bacterium, which requires branched-chain fatty acids in its membranes. Branched acyl-CoA derivatives are needed as starter pieces for their synthesis (Chapter 29). With the oxidative decarboxylation of the necessary oxoacids blocked, the mutant is unable to grow unless supplemented with branched-chain fatty acids. 

Recently, the synthesis of l-deoxy-3-O-phosphono-D-glycerol-l-yl-P-D-gluco-pyranoside disodium salt 27 and its L-glycerol-l-yl isomer 31 was described 45). Compound 27 is a repeating unit of TA chains from Bacillus subtilis var. niger WM (formula 3). Both 27 and 31 were obtained mainly to record their l3C-NMR spectra to be further compared with the spectrum of the naturally occurring teichoic acid. Thus, 27 was prepared in a few-step synthesis as shown below ... 

Most biologically active natural peptides are linear, but bacitracin is a leading member of the so-called cyclic peptide type of antibiotics. The commercial material, extracted from Bacillus subtilis, is a mixture of several compounds in which bacitracin A predominates. It exerts its action by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis and membrane function. Bacitracin has been a useful antibiotic since the 1960s, but its systemic use results in a number of toxic side effects, including nephrotoxicity. One cannot be sure which components of the mixture are responsible for the toxicity, and separation of natural constituents is complex and difficult. For this reason, an efficient synthesis of bacitracin A would be useful. 

McPherson DC, Popham DL. Peptidoglycan synthesis in the absence of class A penicillin-binding proteins in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 2003 185 1423-1431. 

R Dreher, K Poralla, WA Konig. Synthesis of w-alicyclic fatty acids from cyclic precursors by Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 127 1136-1140, 1976. 

Hydroxymethyluracil 30, a component of the present-day DNA of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages [103], was obtained by electrophilic addition of formaldehyde to the C5-C6 double bond of a preformed uracil ring (which is probably the reason for the absence of uracil in the reaction mixture). Thymine was then obtained from 5-hydroxymethyluracil by the hydride shift mechanism shown in Scheme 18 involving formic acid as a product of formaldehyde oxidation. This is the only prebiotic synthesis of thymine so far described starting from one-carbon atom precursors as simple as formamide and formaldehyde. 

Ebbole, D. J., and Zalkin, H. (1987). Cloning and characterization of a 12-gene cluster from Bacillus subtilis encoding nine enzymes for de novo purine nucleotide synthesis. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 8274-8287. 

Phenyl-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7(6//)-one has bactericidal activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (94MI2). 1-Benzyl-4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazinyl-l//-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine almost completely removed cytokinin-stimulated effects in betacyanin synthesis in Amaranthus caudatus cotyledons, growth of radish cotyledons, and retention of chlorophyll in leaf explants (94MI4). Analogs of 117 were used as effective inhibitors of xanthine oxidase (95FA257). 

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