Toxicity tests avian

McCrady, J.K., Johnson, D.E., and Turner, L.W. Volatility of ten priority pollutants from fortified avian toxicity test diets, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 34(5) 634-644, 1985. 

Avian Toxicity Testing. Pensacola, Florida, 4 to 7 Dec 1994. Co-sponsored by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Published by OECD, 1996. 

Hooper MJ. 2003. Avian toxicity testing. In Newman MC, Unger MA, editors. Fundamentals of ecotoxicology, 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL) Lewis Publishers. 

In contrast, the avian toxicity tests have been developed over the last two decades in order to assess the effects of environmental contaminants, especially the effects of pesticides to nontarget species. The methods are similar in general to other short-term toxicity tests. A variety of species from different families of birds have been used, although standardization as to strain of each species has not been as extensive as with the mammalian toxicity tests. Examples of an acute feeding study and a reproductive test are presented in Table 4.8 and Table 4.9. 

If used outside of buildings in the forms of baits, granules or powders, avian toxicity tests are necessary. 

Standard protocols are available for avian toxicity testing and the avoidance of pesticides. Because the details of these protocols have been published elsewhere (e.g., Schafer et al. 1983 Bennett Schafer 1988 Grau et al. 1992 Kononen... 

Hill, E.F. and M.B. Camardese. 1982. Subacute toxicity testing with young birds response in relation to age and intertest variability of LC50 estimates. Pages 41-65 in D.W. Lamb, and E.E. Kenaga (eds.). Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology Second Conference. Am. Soc. Testing Mater. ASTM STP 757. 

Avian Dietary Toxicity Test (original guideline, adopted April 4, 1984)... 

Conducting Subacute Dietary Toxicity Tests with Avian Species... 

Comparison of ASTM and U.S. EPA Standards for Conducting Subacute Dietary Toxicity Tests with Avian Species... 

ASTM. 1993. Standard practice for conducting subacute dietary toxicity tests with avian species. ASTM 1996 Annual Book of Standards Vol. 11.05, E857-87. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 278-282. 

Acute avian toxicity (oral) Sequential testing procedure to minimize numbers of birds used In vivo... 

Ecotoxicological Prolonged fish toxicity (including reproduction) Avian acute/subacute toxicity Accumulation, degradation and mobility tests... 

Pharmacologically, carbofuran inhibits cholinesterase, resulting in stimulation of the central, parasympathetic, and somatic motor systems. Sensitive biochemical tests have been developed to measure cholinesterase inhibition in avian and mammalian brain and plasma samples and are useful in the forensic assessment of carbamate exposure in human and wildlife pesticide incidents (Bal-lantyne and Marrs Hunt and Hooper 1993). Acute toxic clinical effects resulting from carbofuran exposure in animals and humans appear to be completely reversible and have been successfully treated with atropine sulfate. However, treatment should occur as soon as possible after exposure because acute carbofuran toxicosis can be fatal younger age groups of various species are more susceptible than adults (Finlayson et al. 1979). Carbofuran labels indicate that application is forbidden to streams, lakes, or ponds. In addition, manufacturers have stated that carbofuran is poisonous if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Users are cautioned not to breathe carbofuran dust, fumes, or spray mist and treated areas should be avoided for at least 2 days (Anonymous 1971). Three points are emphasized at this juncture. First, some carbofuran degradation... 

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