Avian toxicity

McCrady, J.K., Johnson, D.E., and Turner, L.W. Volatility of ten priority pollutants from fortified avian toxicity test diets, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 34(5) 634-644, 1985. 

Avian Toxicity Testing. Pensacola, Florida, 4 to 7 Dec 1994. Co-sponsored by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Published by OECD, 1996. 

Hooper MJ. 2003. Avian toxicity testing. In Newman MC, Unger MA, editors. Fundamentals of ecotoxicology, 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL) Lewis Publishers. 

In contrast, the avian toxicity tests have been developed over the last two decades in order to assess the effects of environmental contaminants, especially the effects of pesticides to nontarget species. The methods are similar in general to other short-term toxicity tests. A variety of species from different families of birds have been used, although standardization as to strain of each species has not been as extensive as with the mammalian toxicity tests. Examples of an acute feeding study and a reproductive test are presented in Table 4.8 and Table 4.9. 

Avian toxicity has been evaluated in five studies one acute oral study (Campbell et at., 1991), two acute dietary feeding studies (Grimes et al., 1991a. b) and two reproduction studies (Rodgers, 1995a. b). The results are listed below in Table... 

Bromofenoxim is a moderately toxic compound. Its acute oral lo, for rats is 1217 mg/kg. Its avian toxicity is low. Its toxicity to fish depends on the species (Green, 1969). 

TABLE 1. Avian Toxicity and Incident Data for OP and CM Insecticides Registered in the United States and Other Areas... 

Avian toxicity Bobwhite quail Mallard duck LDso > 1133 mg per kg diet LCso > 5620 mg per kg diet... 

Environmental Low avian toxicity low toxicity to aquatic life Storage Material may darken with prolonged exposure to elevated temps. do not store above 30 C incompat. with epoxy or phenolic-lined containers... 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 2600 mg/kg, (dermal, rabbit) > 2000 mg/kg mod. toxicity by ing. may cause mod. skin and eye irritation may be respiratory irritant TSCA listed Environmental Low avian toxicity low toxicity to aquatic life... 

If used outside of buildings in the forms of baits, granules or powders, avian toxicity tests are necessary. 

Standard protocols are available for avian toxicity testing and the avoidance of pesticides. Because the details of these protocols have been published elsewhere (e.g., Schafer et al. 1983 Bennett Schafer 1988 Grau et al. 1992 Kononen... 

Acute avian toxicity (oral) Sequential testing procedure to minimize numbers of birds used In vivo... 

Environmental Low avian toxicity low foxicily to aquatic life PrecaMm May release fonnaldehyde... 

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