AVHRR

The Advanced-Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) carried on board the NOAA-7 satellite has been collecting radiance data from the earth s surface since 1978. The polar-orbiting satellite records global data on a neardaily basis. The 4-kilometer data have been remapped by NO A A into monthly composites. The data are collected in 2 bands-one visible (VIS), the other near infrared (NIR). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, or NDVI, defined... 

Huete A, Tucker C. Investigation of soil influences in AVHRR red and near-infrared vegetation index imagery. Int. I. Remote Sens. 1991 12 1223-1242. 

FIGURE 12.27 Zonally averaged optical depth at 19.5°N and derived from the satellite-based Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) (adapted from Russell et al., 1996). 

AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Four channels on the first 4 platforms listed, five channels on die last 5 platforms TR Smoke, fire, clouds aerosols, vegetation TIROS-N, NOAA-6, -8, - 10 -7, -9, -11, -12, -13 (1978- present)... 

As Chylek et al. (2003) noted, the maximum permissible error in outgoing radiation flux determination from satellite data Afr = 0.5Wm-2 determines the necessity to retrieve the atmospheric optical thickness, r, with an error not more than At = 0.015 on land and 0.010 over the oceans. However, this level of error has still not been achieved. Using AVHRR data, the MSD of r values varies within 0.06-0.15, whereas in the case of MODIS data over land, At = 0.05-0.2t, which corresponds to the interval of At values from 0.07 to 0.21, with t varying from 0.1 to 0.8. The use of the extra-nadir data of multi-spectral thermal video-radiometer MTI for intermediate angles of scattering provides the level of error At = 0.03. 

Myhre et al. (2004, 2005) performed comparisons of retrieval algorithms for AOT over the ocean using the data of satellite observations for 8 months (November 1996-June 1997) made with the AVHRR, OCTS, POLDER, and TOMS instrumentation. Comparisons revealed the presence of considerable differences (by a factor of 2 and more) between retrieved AOT values. Most substantial were differences in the Southern Hemisphere, and the cause of this was apparently insufficient reliability of cloud impact filtering. 

Potter et al. (2005) analyzed the fluxes of carbon over the vegetation cover for a 17-year period (1982-1998) from ground and satellite measurements and, using the NASA-CASA model based on MODIS/AVHRR measurements and the radiation... 

Pavolonis M.J. and Key J.R. (2003). Antarctic cloud radiative forcing at the surface estimated from the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder and ISCCP D1 data sets, 1985-93. J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 827-840. 

AVHRR advanced very high resolution radiometer... 

Under the conditions of the reduction of regional hydrographic measurements and surveys on the entire sea scale, the study of the interannual SST variability may be based only on the regular and permanently replenished information with a high spatio-temporal resolution. Such satellite information about the SST is acquired by the measurements with Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) onboard the satellites of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The efficiency of the use of these satellite data for the studies of the spatio-temporal variability of the Black Sea temperature regime was demonstrated in [8-13]. 

Arino O, Rosaz J-M, Melinotte J-M (1999) World Fire Atlas with AVHRR and ATSR. Paper presented at lUFRO Conference on Remote Sensing and Forest Monitormg Colella P, Woodward P (1984) The Piecewise Parabolic Method PPM for gas-dynamic simulations. J Comput Phys 54 174—201... 

Figure 17.7 New production modeled from remotely sensed sea surface temperature, a3 day composite for Monterey Bay, California. (A) AVHRR derived temperature, C, (B) modeled surface NO3, pM, (C) KNO3, h and (D) pN03, pmol 1 with superimposed contours of shipboard Nuptake data. From Kudela and Dugdale (1996).

To derive the parameters r, the atmospheric transmittance, and L, the path radiance, linear regression analyses were performed on radiances from the satellite measurements, L, and radiances derived from shipboard measurements of temperature, L, versus elapsed distance, X, along selected parts of the track. These track segments were selected nearest in time to the satellite overpass and where temperature gradients were large enough to minimize the relative errors due to satellite-measured thermal noise and the lower AVHRR temperature resolution of 0.5 °C in the 8-bit data from Redwood City. 

This agreement is rather good considering it includes errors due to the ocean, the atmosphere, the AVHRR, the satellite navigation procedure, the ship s thermistor, and the ship s navigational ability. The main reasons for this agreement are that the area was cloud-free, and little advection occurred in the interval between ship measurements and satellite measure-... 

NASA, NOAA/NASA Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) Program, 1996. 

Figure 8. Radiatively equivalent aerosol optical thickness (EAOT x 1000) over the oceans derived from NOAA AVHRR satellites for summer. Darker shades indicate greater values of EAOT. Adapted from Husar et al. (1997). Used by permission of the American Geophysical Union.

Bryant, R.G. (1999) Application of AVHRR to monitoring a climatically sensitive playa. Case study Chott el Djerid, southern Tunisia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24, 283-302. 

This chapter summarizes investigations on satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) of the Baltic Sea for the period 1990-2005. The sea surface temperature derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather satellites were used in the Baltic Sea research for the investigation of the temperature development, for detailed process studies, and monitoring purposes. 

TABLE 9.1 Wavelength Bands (pm) of the Channels of the AVHRR Sensors (According to Robinson, 2004)... 

The time series was extended back to 1985 by the monthly mean AVHRR Oceans Pathfinder Sea surface temperature data (version 5) with a spatial resolution of 4 km provided by NOAA/NASA. 

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