Error maximum permissible

This defines the maximum permissible current error at the rated current for a particular accuracy class. The standard accuracy classes for the measuring CTs may be one of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, I, 3 and 5. The limits of error in magnitude of the secondary current and the phase error, as discussed in Section 15.6.1 and shown in Figure 15.18,... 

This defines the maximum permissible composite error at the rated accuracy limit primary current, followed by letter P for protection. The standard prescribed accuracy... 

Repeatability or the repeatability interval of a test (r) is the maximum permissible difference due to test error between two results obtained on the same material in the same laboratory. 

The critical value of CVp has to be lower than the maximum permissible true value (e.g. lower than CVp 0.128 when there is no bias). The maximum permissible value of the true CVp will be referred to as its "target level". In order to have a confidence level of 95% that a subject method meets this required target level, on the basis of CVp estimated from laboratory tests, an upper confidence limit for CVp is calculated which must satisfy the following criterion reject the method (i.e. decide it does not meet the accuracy standard) if the 95% upper confidence limit for CVp exceeds the target level of CVp. Otherwise, accept the method. This decision criterion was implemented in the form of the Decision Rule given below which is based on assumptions that errors are normally distributed and the method is unbiased. Biased methods are discussed further below. 

As Chylek et al. (2003) noted, the maximum permissible error in outgoing radiation flux determination from satellite data Afr = 0.5Wm-2 determines the necessity to retrieve the atmospheric optical thickness, r, with an error not more than At = 0.015 on land and 0.010 over the oceans. However, this level of error has still not been achieved. Using AVHRR data, the MSD of r values varies within 0.06-0.15, whereas in the case of MODIS data over land, At = 0.05-0.2t, which corresponds to the interval of At values from 0.07 to 0.21, with t varying from 0.1 to 0.8. The use of the extra-nadir data of multi-spectral thermal video-radiometer MTI for intermediate angles of scattering provides the level of error At = 0.03. 

The best statistical acceptance/rejection criteria for immunoassay results have proved to be the use of confidence intervals for total measurement error (e.g., including both accuracy and precision) and equivalence testing procedures [15], and a 90% two-sided confidence interval has been proposed for the acceptance of immunoassay data [145]. Recoveries of 70-120% are considered acceptable according to US-EPA guidelines and the maximum permissible level of false negatives is 5% [38]. 

Figure 20.1 Ishikawa diagram of the parameters which lead to the area of an HPLC peak. Mass means the weighed sample or analyte. For its dilution n measuring flasks (MF) and m pipettes (Pip) are needed. MPE is the maximum permissible error of a volumetric operation, i.e. the combined effects of calibration uncertainty and repeatability. Other abbreviations z = wavelength acc.= accuracy rep. = repeatability S/N = signal-to-noise ratio.

Owing to the finite precision with which the atomic forces are evaluated, and the finite time step used, the total energy is not exactly constant, but this error can be controlled by the magnitude of the time step. Indeed, preservation of the energy to within a given threshold may be used to define the maximum permissible time step. 

In the simple case of a gauge block, three major parameters define the accuracy class of a gauge block maximum permissible flamess error, maximum deviation from nominal length, and maximum permissible length error. 

ISO 10360 defines several tests for CMMs equipped with optical or tactile probing systems (ISO 10360 2003-2011). These tests are used for acceptance and continuous reverification. The tolerance for each test, called maximum permissible error (MPE), is defined by the manufacmrer of the CMM. These tests cover the following situations (ISO 10360 2003-2011) ... 

These tests will be extended in the near future because they are not sensitive to rotations around the z-axis of the CMM. Therefore, a measurement with styluses and a defined distance to the z-axis is defined. It is called, e.g., L150 and according to this the maximum permissible error is called MPEliso- This defines a stylus oriented in negative z-direction with a distance of 150 mm to the z-axis. With this configuration a calibrated sphere will be measured, calculated, and evaluated similar to the method described in ISO 10360-2. 

Fig.1 Measurement errors in the Error Approach. E error, MPE maximum permissible measurement error, R random measurement error, S systematic measurement error...

Furthermore, maximum permissible error, datum measurement error, and zero error are widely used and defined in ISO 99 2007, definitions 4.26, 4.27, and 4.28 ... 

Maximum permissible measurement error (or maximum permissible error or limit of error)... 

NOTE 1. Usually, the term maximum permissible errors or limits of errors is used where there are two extreme... 

NOTE 2. The term tolerance should not be used to designate maximum permissible error. ... 

The performance of belt weighers is such that they may be used in applications which are legal for trade . For systems approved in commercial applications the maximum permissible errors in ODvIL class I are at initial verification = 0.5% of the totalised load for any flow between 20 - 100 % of maximum and in service the figure is permitted to rise to 1%. The maximum permissible errors for a class 0.5 system are half those of class 1, whereas those for a class 2 system are double those for class 1 [6]. A summary of the approximate typical performance of belt weighers is presented in Table 2 [7],... 

Figure 1. The log cx)ncentration-cx)ntractile response curves for maitotoxin (MTX) in the rabbit aorta in the presence ( ) or absence (o) of verapamil (10" M). Verapamil was administered 15 min before the application of MTX. The maximum response to MTX (3 x 10 g/mL) is expressed as 100%. Vertical lines indicate the standard error of mean (n=7). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 13. Copyright 1983 Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge)...

Fig. 18 a Schematic of probe tack measurements of a thin adhesive film along a temperature gradient, b Compilation of probe tack data during loading and unloading cycles for different temperatures. c Total adhesion energy, calculated from the area under the load-displacement curve shown in b divided by maximum contact area, as a function of temperature. The error bars represent one standard deviation of the data, which is taken as the experimental uncertainty of the measurement. (Reproduced with permission from [86])... 

FIGURE 51. 29Si CPMAS NMR spectra of Aerosil A-200 with trimethylsiloxane surface coverage and chemical shifts of the peak maxima ( maximum error) as indicated. All spectra are on the same intensity scale. Reproduced by permission of Elsevier Science from Reference 152... 

Figure 11 Average values (n = 6, error bars = SD) of the shift in the peak maximum of the C-H asymmetric stretching absorbance plotted as a function of time during the ethanol liquid treatment protocol. ANOVA followed by Scheffe s F-test revealed a statistically significant difference P < 0.05) between the location of the peak maximum before and after the 30-min ethanol exposure. There was no statistically significant difference between the baseline value and that at 24 hr. (From Ref. 125. Reprinted from Journal of Controlled Release, 16, Bommannan et al. Examination of the effect of ethanol on human stratum comeum in vivo using infrared spectroscopy, pp. 299-304, 1991, with kind permission from Elsevier Science, NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 KV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)...

Figure 8. Contour plots for the graphs 7a and 7b, respectively. The contour values 1 to 5 correspond to equally spaced values from minimum to maximum of the inverse of the error function.(From Chromatographia (1992) 34(1/2) 56, with permission).

Figure 4. Relative rotational state distributions of OH products from overtone-vibration-induced unimolecular decomposition of HOOH. The solid bars are populations for excitation of the main local mode transition (6v0H) and hatched bars are populations for excitation of the combination transition (6v0H + v ). The quantum number N denotes the rotational OH angular momentum. Figures 4a and 4b show results obtained probing the Q, and R, branches, respectively, of OH. The error bars in Fig. 4(a) show the maximum range of values obtained and are typical of the uncertainties for all states. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 39.)...

Figure 2 The molecular geometry of bis-il,3-cyclohexadiene)mono-carbonyliron. The maximum error for bond lengths is 0.006 A (Reproduced by permission from Angew. Chem. Jntemat. Edn., 1971, 10, 261)...

Figure 50 Percentage variation of the force AF/F ( compared to the force at room temperature) between two semispheres with radius 7mm as a function of temperature T. Measurments were given for two electric fields, E(,=0.02 kV/mm and Eq=0.2 kV/mm, corresponding to the regime Foe EO and F xEq, respectively. Error bars arc representative of the maximum and minimum force values obtained for four successive measurements performed in about 5 min. Reproduced with permission from P. Gonon, and J-N. Foulc, J. Appl. Phys. 87(2000)3563.

Figure 10.3. Maximum uncertainty in the band maximum using the center-of-gravity method versus/ when the band has aFWHH of 10 cm and the SNR is 1000. (Recalculated ftom equation 17 in [11], by permission of the Society for Apphed Spectroscopy copyright 1982. It should be noted that the original figure in [11] exhibited a shght error.)...

Figure 14.12 Effective diffusion coefficient of Irganox 1076 as a function of maximum solvent absorption. Error bars are the SD for the determination of solvent absorption obtained for at least five measurements at equilibrium. Reproduced with permission from Helmroth and co-workers. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2002, 19, 2, 176 [38], 2002, Taylor Francis)...

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