Average resistance

R = station ground resistance in p = average resistivity of soil in 2m... 

The drill bit resistivity is measured below toroid T. An average resistivity is measured between toroid T, and T. The azimuthal resistivity is measured with... 

The more usual pattern found experimentally is that shown by B, which is called a sigmoid curve. Here the graph is indicative of a slow initial rate of kill, followed by a faster, approximately linear rate of kill where there is some adherence to first-order reaction kinetics this is followed again by a slower rate of kill. This behaviour is compatible with the idea of a population of bacteria which contains a portion of susceptible members which die quite rapidly, an aliquot of average resistance, and a residue of more resistant members which die at a slower rate. When high concentrations of disinfectant are used, i.e. when the rate of death is rapid, a curve ofthe type shown by C is obtained here the bacteria are dying more quickly than predicted by first-order kinetics and the rate constant diminishes in value continuously during the disinfection process. 

The separator resistance is usually characterized by cutting small pieces of separators from the finished material and then placing them between two blocking electrodes. The separators are completely saturated with the electrolyte. The resistance (Q) of the separator is measured at a certain frequency by ac impedance techniques. The frequency is chosen so that the separator impedance is equal to the separator resistance. To reduce the measurement error, it is best to do multiple measurements by adding extra layers. The average resistance of single layer is determined from multiple measurements. The specific resistivity, ps cm), of the separator saturated... 

For concrete used in dam construction, the results shown in Table 1.23 [99] have been obtained. From these results, it will be seen that a reduction in the water-cement ratios was obtained and in the large majority of cases (80% of the specimens) an improvement in freeze-thaw resistance was obtained. In fact, the average resistance of admixture-containing concrete was 39% greater than the control specimens. The ability of the lignosulfonates to... 

Figure 4.5 shows the variation of A with E for flow parallel and normal to the axis, and averaged over random orientations. Except for disk-like particles, the dependence of A on aspect ratio is rather weak. In axial motion, a somewhat prolate spheroid experiences less drag than the volume-equivalent sphere A passes through a minimum of 0.9555 for E = 1.955. For motion normal to the axis of symmetry, A 2 takes a minimum of 0.9883 at = 0.702. However, the average resistance A is a minimum for a sphere. 

The inverse of the conductivity of each reaction is its resistivity, and the sum of all the resistivities divided by their number gives the average resistivity, RF, of the reaction,... 

Rd is the average resistance of a depletion compartment R, is the average resistance of an enrichment compartment R is the average resistance of the CX membranes RA is the average resistance of the AX membranes is the resistance contributed by depletion in the membrane-solution interfaces and R r is the resistance offered by the concentration potential between the enrichment and depletion compartments, ie, a measure of the thermodynamic work required to achieve the concentration difference. 

Here, U is the voltage drop across a cell pair A and R is the average resistance in a cell pair. 

The average resistance over the entire length of the flow channel is determined by the integral average of the solution concentrations. Thus is ... 

Here, R is the average resistance and A the area of a cell pair, Cfd and C<1 are the salt concentrations of the diluate at the inlet and outlet of the cell, Cfc and C are the salt concentrations of the concentrate cell at the inlet and outlet, F1" and rcm are the area resistances of the anion- and cation-exchange membranes. The membrane area required for a certain plant capacity as a function of the feed and product concentration of a single mono-valent salt is obtained by combination of Equations 5.22-5.26 and rearranging ... 

The total current through the stack is given by Equation 5.21 and the average resistance is given by Equation 5.26. Combination of the two Equations and multiplication by the number of cell pairs in the stack gives the desalination energy ... 

Hence, the average resistivity of the surface films can be extracted as... 

Table 1 presents some typical average resistivity values of surface films on active metal electrodes in polar aprotic systems. 

The bacterial species to be used in a BI must be selected carefully, as it must be non-pathogenic and should possess above-average resistance to the particular sterilization process. Resistance is adjudged from the spore destruction curve obtained upon exposure to the sterilization process recommended BI spores and their decimal reduction times (D-values ... 

Area one section = A Area one section = Average resistance to shear per square inch i Eneregy rAD Energy =... 

SO obtained the first and second electrode orientation apparent resistances R = V1//1 and R2 = V2//2, respectively, are calculated. From these two resistances, the average resistance in the upper position R y = R + R i)l l is calculated. In the second step, the electrodes are immersed deeper by A IF and a similar process as in the first step is repeated, resulting in the value /fu- By this arrangement actually only the resistance of the disk thickness A IF is measured. An extensive mathematical analysis of the method was given by Ohta et al. (1981), which results in the following conductivity equation... 

Resistivity measured as a function of the pulse peak potential with a pulse cycle of 90ms forward on and 10ms off (90/10) is shown in Fig. 4. The average resistivity in the potential range selected was of the order of 2 xf2 cm. The higher resistivity at more negative potentials was due to higher levels of Zn in the deposit, and that at more positive potentials was due to more dissolution than deposition. 

FIGURE 4.3.21 Resistance versus chain length plots forn-alkanethiol (a) and -alkanedithiol (b) junctions. Data points are average resistance values of about 10 experiments performed with different tips. Lines are not least-squares fits to the data but are defined by the average Rq and P values for the same set of tips. (From Engelkes, V.B. et ah, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 14287-14296, 2004. With kind permission.)... 

M. M. Yovanovich and S. S. Burde, Centroidal and Area Average Resistances of Nonsymmetric, Singly Connected Contacts, AIAA Journal (15/10) 1523-1525,1977. 

The influence of resistance on the cost of demineralization has been estimated. From the operating data of Katz, the average resistance per unit area of one cell pair or repeating unit—i.e., one cation- and one anion-permeable membrane plus... 

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