Autonomic nervous system activity

The locus cemleus is important for the regulation of attentional states and autonomic nervous system activity. It has also been implicated in the autonomic and stress-like effects of opiate withdrawal. A noradrenergic pathway originating from the locus cemleus which descends into the spinal cord is part of the descending inhibitory control system, which has an inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission in the dorsal horn. 

On the other hand, a decrease in blood pressure causes less than normal distension or stretch of the aorta and carotid arteries and a decrease in baroreceptor stimulation. Therefore, fewer afferent nerve impulses are transmitted to the vasomotor center. The vasomotor center then alters autonomic nervous system activity so that sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle and the heart is increased and parasympathetic stimulation of the heart is decreased. As a result, venous return, CO, and TPR increase so that MAP is increased back toward its normal value. The effects are summarized in Figure 15.5. 

The QT interval is a dynamic physiological variable depending on multiple factors such as cardiac cycle length (heart rate), autonomic nervous system activity, age, gender, plasma electrolyte concentrations, genetic variations in ion channels involved in cardiac repolarization. In addition, circadian and seasonal variations of the QT interval have been described [93]. 

Preload and afterload are extrinsic factors that influence contractility whereas intrinsic factors include autonomic nervous system activity and catecholamine effects. 

The 1998 OECD test guidelines for the oral 28-/90-day studies (see Table 4.12) examine a number of simple nervous system endpoints, e.g., clinical observations of motor and autonomous nervous system activity, and histopathology of nerve tissue. It should be recognized that the standard 28-/90-day tests measure only some aspects of nervous system stmcture and function, while other aspects, e.g., learning and memory and sensory function is not or only superficially tested. Primarily the standard 28-/90-day tests are intended as a screening for neurotoxicity and depending on the results, further testing may be needed. 

Inhaled anesthetics change heart rate either directly by altering the rate of sinus node depolarization or indirectly by shifting the balance of autonomic nervous system activity. Bradycardia can be seen with halothane, probably because of direct vagal stimulation. In contrast, enflurane, and sevoflurane have little effect, and both desflurane and isoflurane increase heart rate. In the case of desflurane, transient sympathetic activation with elevations in catecholamine levels can lead to marked increases in heart rate and blood pressure when high inspired gas concentrations are administered. 

Pressman MR, Fry JM. Relationship of autonomic nervous system activity to daytime sleepiness and prior sleep. Sleep 1989 12 239-245. 

II. Arousals, Awakenings, and Autonomic Nervous System Activation... 

A number of investigators have reported on the autonomic nervous system activity of substituted azocines.146-153 The heptamethyleneimino ring, when incorporated into an iV-arylsulfonylsemicarbazide, enhances the antidiabetic activity of these compounds.154... 

Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P, Ftiesen, W. V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychopl siology, 27,... 

Kreibig S.D. (2010) Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion A review. Biological... 

Others physiological quantities estimated from electrical impedance measurement include blood flow, stroke volume, autonomic nervous system activity, muscle contraction, eye movement, endocrine activity and the activity of brain cells [4]. 

For monitoring the autonomic nervous system activity in daily life using this system, verification experiment were conducted. 

Abstract— Response of a human for a service accepted is not always accurate if it is obtained by questionnaire survey. This paper describes a trial to detect accurate response by using respiration and pulse information at sleep as a message from autonomic nervous system as well as one s will in awake. In experiment services of healing were adopted to stimulate subjects. As a result, satisfaction as unconscious response resulted from autonomic nervous system activities was detected. 

On the contrary, there are two lines in the biological activity to unconscious response as a physical condition. The one is direct channel 3 and the other is channel 4, via a mental activity. These two signals are combined and sent by channel 7 for output. This unconscious response might be an honest answer because it was not modulated by such as reason. This unconscious response is an example reflecting autonomic nervous system activities such as respiration and pulse. 

Daily life is roughly classified into two items of in awake and at sleep. For the former, mental activities modulated by reason and emotion et al, are expressed by cerebrum for a conscious response. On the contrary, for the latter, because of unconscious state, autonomic nervous system activity is superior so that physical activities are expressed for an unconscious response. This is why the answer is put into unconscious response. Thus, measurement system developed at the present study if set at home would make possible to take data. 

Some simple stimuli, services, have been tried. As a result, an unconscious response reflecting autonomic nervous system activities at sleep were expressed when a conscious response was expressed in awake. In addition, the unconscious response was expressed also when mental activities did not work. However, these results were only for heaUng or relaxing stimuli in this paper. Therefore, further smdy including other stimuli, services, will be worth studying. 

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