Automatic standardization, with

In order to do this, a simple calculator may be used to aid in the mathematical manipulations. A desktop computer into which the data is entered may be used to generate a standard curve automatically along with the unknown values which are automatically read from the curve. If a paper tape print out... 

Modern, microprocessor-controlled instruments often have an internal standard , with the instrument undergoing an automatic verification check every time the instrument is used. This may be perfectly satisfactory if the standard can be related to traceable calibration standards. To do this, it is usually necessary... 

Many instruments utilize a double beam principle in that radiation absorbed or emitted by the sample is automatically compared with that associated with a blank or standard. This facilitates the recording of data and corrects for matrix effects and instrumental noise and drift. Instrumentation for the generation of radiation is varied and often peculiar to one particular technique. It will be discussed separately in the relevant sections. Components (b) and (c), however, are broadly similar for most techniques and will be discussed more fully below. 

Figure 5. HPLC profiles of products from reactions catalyzed by secreted pectate lyase activities from Erwinia chrysanthemi after 66 min and 192 min. Reaction mixtures contained 4 units of enzyme activity per ml and 0.1% PGA in 0.05 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, 0.2 mM CaClg. Injections of 0.05 ml were made from reaction mixtures with a WISP automatic sample injector and eluted at 2.0 ml/min with a run time of 60 min. Compounds eluting with retention times of 5.36, 6.40, 7.76, and 9.56 min corresponded to unsaturated oligogalacturonate reference standards with DP values of 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively.

A pH meter is standardized with buffer solutions of known pH before a measurement of an unknown solution is taken. It should be noted from Equation 2.2 that the voltage depends on temperature. Hence, pH meters must have some means for temperature correction. Older instruments usually have a knob labeled temperature control, which is adjusted by the user to the temperature of the measured solution. Newer pH meters automatically display a temperature-corrected pH value. 

Capsule shell sizes are generally standardized with Lnite volumes [12,13] available for dispensing the API or powder blend. The capsule size selection would depend on the dose and the bulk density of the NCE. Historically, if the doses were within a reasonable range, it was feasible to dispense API directly into the capsule body utilizing manual, semiautomatic, or automatic high-speed encapsulators available for manufacturing. 

A typical result from direct digital control of the Kappala plant outside Stockholm is shown in fig 1. The DO concentration target is 3 mg/1. The controlled concentration (curve B) has an average value of 3.0 mg/1 with a standard deviation of 0.28 mg/1. Encouraging and remarkable results of DO control have been achieved recently (12), where two aeration basins were compared in parallel, one manually and the other automatically controlled. With automatic control energy was saved and significant improvements of the water quality were obtained. Further practical DO control experiences are reported in (13 - 15) ... 

The recent introduction of automatic analyzers with their standard and reproducible conditions has made the colorimetric method consistent and accurate, although the problem of the nonspecific blank still remains. This method is undoubtedly the quickest, easiest, and most reliable for routine analyses of serum uric acid (B40, 03). 

An external standard spectrum to determine the QIP is popular with users and instrument vendors. The external gamma-ray source (e.g., Cs, or Eu) that is part of the detector system induces a Compton-electron spectrum in the scintillation cocktail. Each sample is automatically counted with and without the external standard. The Compton-electron spectrum produced in each sample vial is applied with mathematical techniques to derive a QIP for a quench correction curve. 

The entry standard with the default setup options is automatically added by the program. With the add command, you can add new optimization options with different parameters. Similarly, you can create custom-made calculation setups for the other available types of calculations. 

For routine evaluation of structure-activity relationships at the target level we used at BASF an automatized test with yeast submitochondrial preparations. To ensure that individual results were comparable, all test series included a reference standard, the enol ether stilbene, to which the I50 value obtained for a test substance was referred [Eq. (1)] ... 

To compensate for the interfering effect of CO3 and NO3" on the determination of F, Cl, Br, and S, calibration curves based on different ratios of atomic compositions using organic standards with specified ratios of heteroatoms have been constructed. An automatic selecting program has been devised to select the most suitable calibration curve for a given sample. Highly accurate results have been... 

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