Autoclaving, instruments

Metal instruments (including scalpels) Autoclave Dry heat Sterilization Dry heat Cutting edges should be protected from mechanical damage during the process... 

In addition to the aforementioned microwave-assisted reactions on solid supports, several publications also describe microwave-assisted resin cleavage. In this context it has been demonstrated that carboxylic acids could be cleaved from conventional Merrifield resin, using the standard TFA-DCM 1 1 mixture, by exposure of the polymer-bound ester and the cleavage reagent to microwave irradiation in a dedicated Teflon autoclave (multimode instrument). After 30 min at 120 °C, complete recovery of the carboxylic acid was achieved (Scheme 12.9) [26]. At room temperature, however, virtually no cleavage was detected after 2 h in 1 1 TFA-DCM. 

Isoperibolic equipment consists of a sample container that is placed in a circulating air oven or heater. Typically, the sample container, of which there are several types, consists of a small tube or beaker that can contain a 5 to 30 g sample. The temperature range of commercial instruments is about 0 to 300°C. Some instruments include small autoclaves or small stirred vessels. Open vessels are made of glass while autoclaves are constructed of stainless... 

The equipment is quite adequate for screening purposes. In its simplest form (i.e., a glass tube in an oven), it is a relatively low cost technique that can be assembled with standard laboratory equipment. However, the simple test set-up provides no quantitative thermal data for scale-up purposes, but only T0 values. The more advanced instruments like the SEDEX and SIKAREX, which are also isoperibolic calorimetry equipment, acquire specific thermal stability data that can be used for scale-up. Furthermore, the small autoclave tests provide gas evolution data. 

Figure 11.31 Photograph of a sixfold autoclave bench developed by Parr Instrument Company (www.par-rinst.com). The apparatus was built in 1988, similar technologies that Parr commercialized in the early 1990s were already fully computer controlled.

Surgical and dental instruments (up to 3000 autoclave sterilization cycles)... Endoscope components. .. 

The compressed ethylene and a peroxide initiator (catalyst) enter the autoclave reactor. An autoclave is any vessel that can be closed up and maintain pressure at elevated temperatures. In chemical applications, the ongoing reaction inside the autoclave generates heat and/or pressure. (When a doctor or dentist sterilizes his instruments in his office,. he uses an autoclave that generates superheated steam.)... 

High-pressure autoclaves are also available from Parr Instrument Co. stirring is by turbine-type impellers. The reaction vessel is provided with a liquidsampling valve which enables monitoring procedures. Both manufacturers provide detailed operating and servicing advice. 

For many years, pressurized steam(autoclaving) at 120 °C for 30 minutes has been the basic method for sterilizing instruments and decontaminating materials. When autoclaving is not possible, as is the case with lensed instruments and materials containing plastic and rubber, ethylene oxide— diluted with either fluorocarbon or carbon dioxide to diminish explosive hazard—was used at 440-1200 mg/L at 45-60 °C with 30-60% relative humidity. The higher concentrations have been used to increase penetration. 

Their resistance to autoclave sterilization makes them useful for medical instruments and trays. Other uses are microwave cookware, coffee decanters, and corrosion-resistant piping. 

For the examinations three different mono- and multifilament PET-yams were used. As seen by the effective temperature two of the fibers (220 dtex multifil and 360 monofil) were heat setted in air at 160°C. The experiments in air and supercritical C02 were carried out in a 400 ml autoclave, the DSC measurements (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) under pressure in a home-made apparatus with an integrated TA-Instruments calorimeter. 

The checkers used a 250-mL Hastelloy pressure vessel. The submitters used a 250-mL autoclave available from American Instrument Co. 

Some interesting devices, both on classical (46) and miniamrized scale (47, 48) have been developed for the combinatorial hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites (49,50). Solutions of suitable precursors were dispensed into the wells of the multireactor autoclaves, which were then sealed and heated following appropriate protocols. X-ray characterization of the individuals allowed the determination of the properties of the library individuals. Both protocols and instruments allowed the synthesis of hundreds of composites and their automated (47) or semiautomated (46, 48) work-up and characterization. Structural information was derived from both reports, proving the applicability of combinatorial technologies to hydrothermal synthesis procedures. 

The package plant instrument specification details the instrumentation requirements and standards to be applied to any equipment packages. Typical equipment packages include Water for Injection (WEI) systems, chiller packages, gas scrubber packages, tablet presses, packaging machines, freeze dryers, autoclaves, and so on. Each specification should contain, or provide detailed reference to, the following information ... 

The gravity-displacement-type autoclave reUes on the relative nonmiscibiUty of steam and air to allow the steam that enters to rise to the top of the chamber and fill it. The air is pushed out through the steam-discharge line located at the bottom of the chamber. Gravity-displacement autoclaves are utilized for the sterilization of Hquids and for unwrapped nonhoUow medical instruments at 134°C. 

Parr Instrument Co.— They make simple, low-pressure (1000 bars), low-temperature (300°C) laboratory-scale autoclaves (50 ml to 1 L) for low-temperature reactions, including vessels lined with Teflon. 

---