Author’s bias

This portion of the chapter has as its purpose the description in some detail of methods that have been or are currently applied to some specific problems of trace analysis. They have been selected by the author as models because of their completeness, simplicity, or potential wide applicability. The selection of these methods very definitely reflects the author s bias in evaluating methods. In addition, a detailed guide to the development of a trace analysis method is included. 

Is the title of abstract misleading Does the author s bias show ... 

The above sections have described several different mechanisms which have been proposed and explored during the last decade to explain the selective inhibition of host cell protein synthesis in poliovirus-infected cells. Admittedly, this author s bias has presented each mechanism as a straw man, requiring the reader to await what is perceived at this time to be the correct explanation for this aspect of the regulation of protein synthesis in poliovirus-infected cells. The favored model will be discussed in this and subsequent sections. It is important to state, however, that there is no convincing evidence that other picornaviruses are necessarily similar to poliovirus in the mechanism(s) utilized for host protein synthesis inhibition and that the mechanisms described above, as well as others, cannot all be dismissed in every case of picorna virus-induced protein synthesis inhibition. Thus, the data for other picornaviruses will be reviewed separately. 

Just as you learned the value of a logical argument supported by emotional conviction and based upon facts and hard evidence, It Is equally Important tor you to ditferentlate fact from opinion, especially In fhe books and material that you read. Remember, your paper will be supported by tacts, not opinions. How do you gather as many tacts as possible and learn to distinguish them from opinions and an author s personal bias This chapter will help you become both a critical reader (as you learn to evaluate your own sources) and a critical writer (as your Influence your reader and build your case through the steady accumulation ot tacts). 

How do you know if this statement is true The author does not state it as fact and does not give the reader any additional sources to corroborate its accuracy. Did it happen or not Is it merely the author s own personal opinion or bias Just as you have learned to build your argument carefully and support your conclusions with facts, the same holds true for the works you are consulting. Remember, all authors have feelings and opinions, and almost all authors want you to be persuaded by their work otherwise, why would they bother writing books However, beware of those writers who try to present their opinions and biases as facts. If a book or work does not provide you with specific references in order to check the accuracy of its information do not use the material as factual evidence. Writers should try to clarify a reader s feelings, not shape or distort them. 

Since the structure factor sets provide the greatest contribution to variability, the assumption that all are equally good is worth re-examining. The R-factor was calculated for each refined structure using only the reflections in the set common to all authors. (The refinement was performed on the particular authors full set). This procedure was adopted because one author might include a reflection omitted by the others because of difficulties in measuring its intensity. Had such a reflection been included in the R-factor calculation it would unfairly bias the value. From these calculations, it was clear that the R-factors obtained using the structure factors of Yokouchi et al, were always lower than those for the same combination of factors except that another author s structure factors were used. 

One should note that the actual values of the etch rates obtained are highly dependent on the composition of the feed gas, the applied RF-power, and the DC bias used. The values given in Table 4 are only indicative of what can be physically realized and have been measured in the author s laboratory. The same statement is true for the selectivities, which depend on the etch rates. There is a great deal of flexibility that can be advantageously used to obtain the desired etching conditions. Currently, the equipment manufacturers and research laboratories that focus on microelectronic manufacturing do this experimentally. 

This approach requires insights from all branches of the Earth sciences, although the reader will detect a bias toward geochemistry, for this is a particularly powerful tool with which to explore the early Earth and the author s prime area of expertise. An exploration of early Earth Systems is different from the climate modeling of modern Earth System Science with its strong societal implications,... 

The paper is not meant to be a scholarly review of DFT, but rather an informal guide to its conceptual basis and some recent developments and advances. The Hohenberg-Kohn theorem and the Kohn-Sham equations are discussed in some detail. Approximate density functionals, selected aspects of applications of DFT, and a variety of extensions of standard DFT are also discussed, albeit in less detail. Throughout it is attempted to provide a balanced treatment of aspects that are relevant for chemistry and aspects relevant for physics, but with a strong bias towards conceptual foundations. The text is intended to be read before (or in parallel with) one of the many excellent more technical reviews available in the literature. The author apologizes to all researchers whose work has not received proper consideration. The limits of the author s knowledge, as well as the limits of the available space and the nature of the intended audience, have from the outset prohibited any attempt at comprehensiveness.1... 

Many of the data have been retrieved from Chemical Abstracts and the descriptions are consequently rather brief. The author s personal bias is perhaps evident in a number of instances where new knowledge of well known alkaloids is reported. Where a plant or an alkaloid has been discussed in previous volumes of The Alkaloids the volume number and page are given in parentheses following the subject heading. 

Isomerism opened the gates for structure theory in organic chemistry, for Werner s theory of complexes in inorganic chemistry, and for stereochemistry. The above review has highlighted some aspects of isomer enumeration, with the inevitable bias of the author s interest in organic chemistry. 

The reader will detect a number of biases in this book which are an inevitable consequence of the author s geological interests. The first bias is towards examples chosen from the Archaean, which is the principal area of geology iii which I have worked and which is evident also from the place of writing. The second bias is towards igneous and metamorphic petrology, which again are my fields of interest, but also the area in which many of the methods described were first applied. 

This review has been centered on the studies performed in the author s laboratory during the last few years. "Nobody can ever speak for anybody but himself-and even then in doubt and great oonfusion"( 117). Despite such bias, it should be apparent that Na NMR is applicable to a great variety of systems. It... 

This section will selectively summarize concepts and principles governing electron transfer. The selectivity is an obvious necessity in view of the vast amount of material, some of it cited in the preceding section, and the author s experience and bias. The perspective of this chapter is phenomenological. Theoretical studies and concepts will be used as a framework for the consideration of experimental studies. The emphasis is on those theoretical issues and concepts that relate to experimental studies of coordination complexes. A good overview of the theory can be found in a recent chapter by Newton. 

In many specific situations, the choice recommended in this book is shut-ended - because capital is not available to allow investments to reduce operating costs, or local situations/ opinions are not as assumed by this author. In all cases there is no commercial bias supporting any recommendation found in this book the bias is that of the author s experiences about what should be done. 

Reviewing a field as active as the chemistry and biochemistry of alkaloids in the space allotted must necessarily result in the omission of considerable material of merit. It was the author s intention to cover the advances of most Interest to the general reader with the recognition that it would involve an unavoidable personal bias. 

One author proposed that the VAERS reports of foetal loss underestimated a synergistic foetal toxicity associated with the two-vaccine 2009/2010 influenza season [4P]. This issue of reporting bias through VAERS is an important one, and added to this is the inconsistency in quality and completeness of VAERS reports. With this in mind, and remembering that VAERS cannot determine whether a vaccine has caused an AE, the author s conclusions cannot be supported in the absence of any epidemiological studies investigating the hypothesis. 

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