Australia prices

W orld annual production of bismuth and its compounds has hovered around 4000 tonnes of contained Bi for many years and a similar amount of secondary (refinery) Bi is also produced. Production has been dominated by China, Japan, Peru, Bolivia, Mexico, Canada, USA and Australia which, between them, account for almost of all supplies. Prices tor die free element have fluctuated wildly since the 1970s, from < 4 (Xl/kg to > 44.00/kg at die end of 1990 it was 6.30/kg Consumption of the metal and its compounds has also been unusual, usage in the USA dropping by a factor of 2 from 1973 to 1975, for example. The mam uses are in pharmaceuticals, fusible alloys (including type metal, p. 547), and metallurgical additives. 

Total annual production of new gold is now about 2300 tonnes of which (1993) 27% comes from South Africa, 15% from the USA and 11% each from Australia and the former Soviet Union. The bulk of the gold from Western countries passes through the London Bullion Market which was established in 1666. Prices, which are quoted in troy oz, are affected by speculative buying and can be subject to astonishing fluctuations. 

For non-prescription and generic dmgs, the documentation required is simplified and is mostly concerned with chemical and pharmaceutical data. In general, the documentation required for registering products containing new chemical entities is more extensive than that for products in other categories (see Table 8.2). Countries that have the capacity to make an independent assessment of the safety, efficacy and quality of products, such as Australia, Estonia and the Netherlands, do not request the WHO-recommended Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product. Only Cyprus and Tunisia request price information. 

Countries with intermediate prices UK, Australia and Canada. 

One of the most important contracts in caustic soda is the contract for the alumina industry in Australia. This is just over one million tons out of world production of about 44 million. Some have questioned why this contract should have an influence on the markets elsewhere. Although the Australian demand is a fraction of world demand the alumina price there is adopted elsewhere, notably in the USA in the pulp sector and detergent sector. Thus a considerable part of the user industry is indirectly following events in Australia. In the past Australia has bought caustic soda from... 

Price, H., and M. Treshow. Effects of ozone on the growth and reproduction of grasses, pp. 275-280. In Proceedings of the International Oean Air Conference, held at the University of Melbourne, 15th-18th May, 1972. Parkville, Vic., Australia The Oean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand, 1972. 

Scheme negotiated prices with pharmaceutical companies, just as health plans do in the United States. Mr Vaile stated that such negotiations were fundamental policy of our government and consecutive governments in Australia. ... 

Within the pharmaceutical held, some countries, such as Australia and Canada, evaluate every new drug individually. In the Netherlands, the decision whether or not to evaluate a given drug depends on whether the manufacturer wants a premium price, over and above drugs in the same reference group or cluster. ... 

In Australia, Halpin and Brueckner (2004, p.7O) reported average price premiums of all organic goods to be 80%. Several products scored over 100%, such as wholemeal flour, muesli, olive oil, spaghetti (the highest was 287%), several vegetables (beans, zucchini, carrots), hard cheese and minced beef. 

A general picture emerges of lower yields and productivity per farm, lower input costs and higher output prices on organic farms than those on conventional comparisons. The results in the different studies included in Lampkin and Padel (1994) ranged from lower net returns in the studies in the USA, UK and Switzerland, similar in Australia and higher in studies from Germany, Denmark and Wales. 

Halpin, D. and Brueckner, M. 2004. The retail pricing, labelling and promotion of organic food in Australia. In DAFF. The Australian Organic Industry A Profile. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), Canberra, pp. 64-93. 

---