Manganese Australia

Manganese deficiency has been reported to occur on the coast calcareous soils of South Australia. Manganese deficiency may also occur in the soils of India, Syria, and Pakistan (Table 7.8). In China,... 

Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, Republic of S. Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by elctrolysis. 

By far the most important ores of iron come from Precambrian banded iron formations (BIF), which are essentially chemical sediments of alternating siliceous and iron-rich bands. The most notable occurrences are those at Hamersley in Australia, Lake Superior in USA and Canada, Transvaal in South Africa, and Bihar and Karnataka in India. The important manganese deposits of the world are associated with sedimentary deposits the manganese nodules on the ocean floor are also chemically precipitated from solutions. Phosphorites, the main source of phosphates, are special types of sedimentary deposits formed under marine conditions. Bedded iron sulfide deposits are formed by sulfate reducing bacteria in sedimentary environments. Similarly uranium-vanadium in sandstone-type uranium deposits and stratiform lead and zinc concentrations associated with carbonate rocks owe their origin to syngenetic chemical precipitation. 

Iron deposits and microorganisms in saline sulfidic soils with altered soil water regimes in South Australia. In Skinner, H.G.W. Fitzpatrick, R.W. (eds.) Biomineralization processes of iron and manganese. Catena Ver-lag, Cremlmgen-Destedt, Catena Suppl. 21 ... 

United States, Russia, Australia, and Canada MANGANESE... 

A major zinc ore is ZnS (sphalerite) which frequently occurs with the major lead ore PbS (galena). The lead-zinc ores usually contain recoverable quantities of copper, silver, antimony, and bismnth as well, Major deposits of Ihis type are worked in Australia, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, the former Yugoslav Republics, and the former Soviet Union. Two other important zinc ores are ZnCC>3 (smithsonite) and iron-zinc-manganese oxide (franklinite). Several of these minerals are described under separate alphabetical entries. 

Manganese Special steels, paints, batteries South Africa, Brazil, France, Australia 100... 

Trendall, A.F., 1973a. Iron-formations of the Hamersley Group of Western Australia type examples of varved Precambrian evaporites. In Genesis of Precambrian Iron and Manganese Deposits. Unesco, Paris, pp. 257-270. 

Bums, E. L. (1997). Case study Automatic reservoir aeration to control manganese in raw water Maryborongh town water snpply, Queensland, Australia. Water Science Tech-noL, Proc. 1997 1st lAWQ-IWSA Joint Specialist Conf. on Reservoir Manage, and Water Supply—An Integrated Syst, May 19-23, Prague, Czech Repubhc, 37, 2, 301-308. Elsevier Science Ltd., Exeter, England. 

Cronan, D.S. and Varentsov, I.M. (Editors), 1978. Monograph on the Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese. 25th International Geological Congress, Sydney, Australia. 

Fig. 5.15. Structures resembling Metallogenium personatum in fossil deposits, (a), manganese-containing structures in the Cooley Dolomite of the McArthur Group, N.T., Australia (from Muir et al., 1974) (b) as in (a) (unpublished photograph by M.D. Muir) (c) structures from minor iron formations in the McMinn Formation of the Roper Group, N.T., Australia (unpublished photograph by C.J. Peat and M.D. Muir). Bar = 10 pm.

Occurrence U.S. (Virginia, Georgia, Arkansas, Lake Superior region, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Mexico), Germany, Australia, India, Canada. Use Manganese ore. For many uses the ore and synthetic material are interchangeable, but pyrolusite is not usable for batteries. 

Ritchie, G. S. P, (1989). The chemical behaviour of aluminium, hydrogen and manganese in acid soils. In Soil Acidity and Plant Growth, ed. Robson, A, D., Academic Press, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 1-60. 

A manganism-like neurological syndrome has been noted in an aboriginal population living on an island near Australia where environmental levels of manganese are high (Kilburn 1987). Symptoms include... 

Eggleton RA, Ashley PM (1989) Norrishite, a new manganese mica, K(Mn 2Li)Si40i2, from the Hoskins mine. New South Wales, Australia. Am Mineral 74 1360-1367 Farmer VC (1974) The layer silicates. In Farmer VC (ed) The irrfrared spectra of minerals. Mineral Soc, Londort, 331-363... 

Ritchie GSP, Sposito G (1995) Speciation in soils In Chemical speciation in the environment. Ure AM, Davidson CM (eds) Blackie Academic Professional, Glasgow, p 201-233 Roberts DR, Scheinost AC, Sparks DL (2002) Zinc speciation in a smelter-contaminated soil profile using bulk and microscopic techniques. Env Sci Tech 36 1742-1750 Robson AD (1993) Zinc in Soils and Plants. Klumcr Academic Publishers, Australia Ross DS, Hales HC, Sea-McCarthy GC, Lanzirotti A (2001) Sensitivity of soil manganese oxides XANES spectroscopy may cause reduction. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65 744-752 Ross SJ, Franzmeier DP, Roth CB (1976) Mineralogy and chemistry of manganese oxides in some Indiana soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 40 137-143... 

Popova VI, Popov VA, Sokolova EV, Ferraris G, Chukanov NV (2001) Kanonerovite MnNa3P30io 12H20, first triphosphate mineral (Kazennitsa, Middle Urals, Russia). N Jahrb Mineral Monatsh 117-127 Potenza MF (1958) Autunite e metatorbemite nella Sienite di Biella. Rend Soc Mineral Ital 14 215-223 Pring A, Birch WD (1993) Gatehouseite, a new manganese hydroxy phosphate from Iron Monarch, South Australia. 57 309-313... 

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