ATP-binding cassette family

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette family of membrane transporters, is encoded by the human multidrug-resistance (MDRl, ABCBl) gene (15). This integral membrane protein serves as an... 

A large number of plant compounds interact with the ATP-dependent, multidrug resistance transporter (MDR transporter or P glycoprotein transporter). This belongs to the ATP-binding cassette family of solute transporters (ABC transporters) and functions to remove unwanted chemicals of xenobiotic origin (notably compounds from plants). 

Figure 10.2 Illustration of the various forms of transporters and carriers working in an intestinal epithelial cell. Clue, glucose Nuc, nucleotide DP, dipeptides and ABC, ATP-binding cassette family transporter SLC5A1, sodium-dependent glucose transporter ...

ABC-A (12) ATP-Binding Cassette Family Cholesterol efflux regulatory proteins, CERP, RMP ... 

ABCBl ATP-binding cassette family (ABC) Bl multi-drug resistance (MDRl) a human gene that encodes P-glycoprotein MRP multi-drug resistance protein ... 

SURs are members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of proteins ( ABC transporters) with a typical ABC core consisting of two bundles of six... 

Intracellular transport and efflux from cells of lipophilic molecules can be mediated by several members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters family, some of which have been identified in the brain, including the retina (Kim et al., 2008 Sarkadi et al., 2006). 

B. Sjostrom et al. Correlation of gene expression of ten drug efflux proteins of the atp-binding cassette transporter family in normal human jejunum and in human intestinal epithelial caco-2 cell monolayers, /. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 299, 164-170... 

Dassa, E. and E. Schneider. The rise of a protein family ATP-binding cassette systems. Res. Microbiol. 2001, 152, 203. 

Dean, M., Y. Hamon, and G. Chimini. The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter super-family. J. Lipid Res. 2001, 42, 1007-1017. 

The presence at the BBB of members of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRPs) family, whose members preferentially transport anionic compounds, is still controversial. The seven members of the MRP family belong, like P-gp, to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily. Mrpl has been found at the BBB in isolated rat brain capillaries, primary cultures of brain capillary endothelial cells and in immortalized capillary endothelial cells, but not in human brain capillaries [59]. Another member, MRP2 has been found at the luminal membrane of the brain endothelial cells [60]. However, further studies are required to show that there are MRP transporters at the BBB (Figure 15.5). As for P-gp, a functional Mrpl was found in primary cultured rat astrocytes [56] and it has been shown to take part in the release of glutathione disulfide from brain astrocytes under oxidative stress [61]. 

Adrenoleukodystrophy is an X-linked dysmyelinative disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes the peroxisomal integral membrane ALD protein, a member of the ATP binding cassette transporter family. These mutations result in impaired clearance of plasma very-long-chain fatty acids. Affected males may present with symmetrical distal axonal polyneuropathy, adrenocortical insufficiency or CNS demyelination, while occasional heterozygous women demonstrate deficits suggestive of multiple sclerosis [56]. Manipulation of dietary fatty acid intake has some minimal therapeutic effect, while bone marrow transplantation has diminished deficits in a few patients. (See in Ch. 41.)... 

Schinkel, A.H. and Jonker, J.W. (2003) Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family an overview. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 55, 3-29. 

In many eukaryotic plasma membranes, PS resides in the inner leaflet (Schroit and Zwaal, 1991 Zachowski, 1993). This transbilayer distribution of membrane hpids is not a static situation but a result of balance between the inward and outward translocation of phospholipids across the membranes. Recent studies showed that the transbilayer lipid asymmetry is regulated by several lipid transporter proteins, such as aminophospholipid translocase (Daleke and Lyles, 2000), ATP-binding cassette transporter family (van Helvoort et al, 1996 Klein et al, 1999), and phospholipid scramblase (Zhou et al, 1997 Zhao et al, 1998). An increment of intracellular due to cell activation, cell injury, and apoptosis affects the activities of these transporters, resulting in exposure of PS (Koopman et al, 1994 Verhoven et al, 1995) and PE (Emoto et al, 1997) on the cell surface. 

---