Transbilayer distribution

T. E. (1981). Transbilayer distribution of phosphatidylethanola-mine in large and small unileunellar vesicles, Biochemistry. 20. 3237-3241. 

Hessel, E., Herrmann, A., Muller, P., Schnetkamp, P.P. and Hofmann, K.P., 2000, The transbilayer distribution ofphosphohpids in disc membranes is a dynamic equihbrium evidence forrapid flip and flop movement. Eur. J. Biochem., 267 1473-1483. 

In many eukaryotic plasma membranes, PS resides in the inner leaflet (Schroit and Zwaal, 1991 Zachowski, 1993). This transbilayer distribution of membrane hpids is not a static situation but a result of balance between the inward and outward translocation of phospholipids across the membranes. Recent studies showed that the transbilayer lipid asymmetry is regulated by several lipid transporter proteins, such as aminophospholipid translocase (Daleke and Lyles, 2000), ATP-binding cassette transporter family (van Helvoort et al, 1996 Klein et al, 1999), and phospholipid scramblase (Zhou et al, 1997 Zhao et al, 1998). An increment of intracellular due to cell activation, cell injury, and apoptosis affects the activities of these transporters, resulting in exposure of PS (Koopman et al, 1994 Verhoven et al, 1995) and PE (Emoto et al, 1997) on the cell surface. 

Bailey AL, Cullis PR. Modulation of membrane fusion by asymmetric transbilayer distributions of amino lipids. Biochemistry 1994 33 12573. 

For example, flip-flop transfer of phospholipids in membranes is usually also very slow, from hours to days. However, there are exceptions for example, phosphatidylethanol undergoes rapid and reversible transbilayer distribution in unilamellar PC vesicles in the presence of multivalent cations, including calcium. ... 

Igbavboa U, Avdulov NA, Chochina SV, Wood WG. Transbilayer distribution of cholesterol is modified in brain synaptic plasma membranes of knockout mice deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor, apolipoprotein E, or both proteins, f Neurochem. 1997 69 1661-1667. 

Butikofer, P, Lin, ZW, Chiu, DTY, Lubin, B and Kuypers, FA (1990) Transbilayer distribution and mobility of phosphatidylinositol in human red blood cells. J Biol Chem, 265, 16035-16038. 

THE TRANSBILAYER DISTRIBUTION OF GLUCOSYLCERAMIDE IN PLANT PLASMA MEMBRANE... 

Glucosylceramides, the predominant sphingolipids in plant tissues/ are quantitatively important structural components of the plasma membrane and tonoplast. Here, we describe studies undertaken to determine the transbilayer distribution of glucosylceramides in the plasma membrane of squash. The results indicate that glucosylceramides are present predominantly in the outer monolayer of the plasma membrane. 

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