Atomic emission spectrometry for

Verrept P, Dams R, Kurfurst U 1993) Electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of solid samples contribution to instrumentation and methodology. Fresenius 2 Anal Chem 345 1035-1041. 

In the past, flames used for atomic absorption spectrometry have also been used for atomic emission spectrometry, and these are described in some detail in Chapter 2. However, the advent of plasma excitation sources has resulted in the demise of flame atomic emission spectrometry, for the reasons discussed in Section 4.2.3. 

S. Aguerre, C. Pecheyran, G. Lespes, E. Krupp, O. F. X. Donard and M. Potin-Gautier, Optimisation of the hyphenation between solid-phase microextraction, capillary gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the routine speciation of organotin compounds in the environment, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16(12), 2001, 1429-1433. 

There is also a standard test method for determination of major and minor elements in coal ash by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-atomic emission spectrometry (ASTM D-6349). In the test method, the sample to be analyzed is ashed under standard conditions and ignited to constant weight. The ash is fused with a fluxing agent followed by dissolution of the melt in dilute acid solution. Alternatively, the ash is digested in a mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. The solution is analyzed by (ICP)-atomic emission spectrometry for the elements. The basis of the method is the measurement of atomic emissions. Aqueous solutions of the samples are nebulized, and a portion of the aerosol that is produced is transported to the plasma torch, where excitation and emission occurs. Characteristic line emission spectra are produced by a radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma. A grating monochromator system is used to separate the emission lines, and the intensities of the lines are monitored by photomultiplier tube or photodiode array detection. The photocurrents from the detector... 

Harnley JM, Patterson KY, Veillon C, et al. 1983. Comparison of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry for determination of chromium in urine. Anal Chem 55 1417-1419. 

Miller-Ihli, N.J. Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of the trace element content of selected fruits consumed in the United States. J. Food Compos. Anal. 9, 301-311 (1996)... 

A. C. and Hieftje G. M. (1994) Direct coupling of continuous hydride generation with microwave plasma torch atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of arsenic, antimony and tin, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 49 59-73. 

Rodriguez J., Pereiro R. and Sanz-Medel A. (1998) Glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of chlorides and total organochlorine in water samples via on-line continuous generation of chlorine, J Anal At Spectrom 13 911— 915. 

Lobinski R., Van Borm W., Broekaert J. A. C., Tschopel P. and Tolg G. (1992) Optimization of slurry nebulization inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of Zr02-powder, Fresenius J Anal Chem 342 563-568. 

Broekaert J. A. C. Optimization of electrochemical hydride generation in a miniaturized flow cell coupled to microwave-induced plasma, atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of selenium, Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, in press. 

There are some fundamental features that should be part of every good analytical method. The method should require that a blank be prepared and analyzed. A blank is used to ascertain and correct for certain interferences in the analysis. In many cases, more than one type of blank is needed. One type of blank solution may be just the pure solvent used for the sample solutions. This will ensure that no analyte is present in the solvent and allows the analyst to set the baseline or the zero point in many analyses. A reagent blank may be needed this blank contains all of the reagents used to prepare the sample but does not contain the sample itself. Again, this assures the analyst that none of the reagents themselves contribute analyte to the final reported value of analyte in the sample. Sometimes a matrix blank is needed this is a blank that is similar in chemical composition to the sample but without the analyte. It may be necessary to use such a blank to correct for an overlapping spectral line from the matrix in atomic emission spectrometry, for example. 

Methods and applications can be found on line from government, academic, and instmment manufacturer sites. The US EPA methods that use atomic emission spectrometry for analysis of environmental samples can be found at www.usepa.gov, for example. Most of the instrument companies whose websites are given in the chapter have applications notes and methods on their websites. Many also have tutorials on the various techniques. 

Koons RD, Peters CA, and Rebbert PS (1991) Comparison of refractive index, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for forensic characterization of sheet glass fragments. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 6 451 56. 

Frech W., Snell B. W., and Sturgeon R. E. (1998) Performance comparison between furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry and microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of mercury species in gas chromatography effluents,/. Anal. At. Spectrom. 13 1347-1353. 

Kim H. J., Lee J. H., Kim M. Y., Cserealvi T. and Mezei P. (2000) Development of open-air type electrolyte-as-cathode glow discharge-atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of trace metals in water, Spearochim. Acta, Part B 55 823-831. 

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