Atmospheric exchange

Table 4 Primary processes controlling land-atmosphere exchange of gases...

Primary processes regulating land-atmosphere exchange (secondary) Availability of data and including models to calculate annual fluxes ... 

Jurado E (2006) Modelling the ocean atmosphere exchanges of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). PhD thesis, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Jurado E, Zaldvar JM, Marinov D, Dachs J (2007) Fate of persistent organic pollutants in the water column Does turbulent mixing matter Mar Poll Bull 57 441 151 Kissa E (2001) Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents. Marcel Dekker Inc. 

As partly mentioned before, natural and anthropogenic induced variations of the atmospheric C02 concentration and of the 14C/ 12C and 13C/12C ratios have been observed. For a quantitative discussion of these variations in relation to possible causes, models for the carbon cycle dynamics have been developed [21-25]. Compared to the noble gas radioisotopes 39Ar and 81Kr, for which we only have to consider a well mixed atmospheric reservoir, we have a much more complicated system for 14C. The C02 in the atmosphere exchanges with the carbon in the biosphere and with the... 

Annual isotopic variation is substantial in shallow lakes with relatively short residence times. These variations reflect the dominance of summer evaporation and spring snowmelt. In addition, these variations may prove useful for examining atmospheric exchange rates with lakes and for quantifying periods of episodic water input. 

Wichink Kruit RJ, Schaap M, Sauter FJ, van Zanten MC, van Pul WAJ (2012) Modeling the distribution of ammonia across Europe including bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange. Biogeosci Discuss 9 4877-4918... 

Moore RM, Groszko W, Niven JS (1996) Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange of Methyl Chloride Results from NW Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Studies. J Geophys Res 101 28529... 

Land-atmosphere exchange processes include the evaporation of soil moisture, from the leaf surface, stems, and trunks of plants, as well as transpiration, precipitation, and evaporation olf the surface of unstable water accumulations low in the ground (Figure 4.11). The water flow from the soil through the plant is the least studied link in this chain. The importance of the process of transpiration in the global water cycle cam be judged from available estimates, according to which the process of... 

Arneth A. Kurbatova J. Kolle O. Shibistova O.B. Lloyd J. Vygodskaya N. and Schulze E.-D. (2002). Comparative ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog, II. Interseasonal and interannual veriability of C02 fluxes. Tellus, 54B(5), 514-530. 

Wang W. Davis K.J. Cook B.D. Bakwin P.S. Yi C. Butler M.P. and Ricciuto D.M. (2005b). Surface layer C02 budget and advective contributions to measurements of net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of C02. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 135(1 -4), 202-214. 

Spiker, E.C. (1980) The behavior of 14C and 13C in estuarine water effects of in situ CO2 production and atmospheric exchange. Radiocarbon 22, 647-654. 

Even though the composition of the atmosphere can be considered constant, it is not at equilibrium. In fact, the atmosphere exchanges matter and momentum with the Earth s surface through the cycles mentioned above. A better description would be that some components in the atmosphere are in a steady-state condition. The term steady state describes the balance between the input and output of an atmospheric constituent. If Fm and Fou( are the fluxes inward and outward of the atmosphere, respectively, a steady-state condition requires that... 

Keller, M., and W. A. Reiners. 1994. "Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane under secondary succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8 399-409. 

Well, actually a lot is known about them, but they behave in a complicated way. Particulates over the ocean increase the albedos because the albedo of the ocean is only about 5%. Particulates over the land lead to warmth, because they in fact absorb and re-radiate radiation, and they reduce the albedo, they are less reflective than the land surface itself. So it is not by any means obvious that they would actually reduce the temperature. The other question about the airborne fraction, that depends on the rate of emission of CO2 and the airborne fraction of 0.4, or rather the amount going into the ocean is about 40%. Remember I said that the entire atmosphere exchanges with the ocean in about 7 or 8 years. 

Gibb, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C., and Liss, P. S. (1999a). Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13(1), 161—178. 

Johnson, M. T., Liss, P. S., BeU, T. G., Lesworth, T. J., Baker, A. R., Hind, A. J., and JickeUs, T. D. (2008). Field observations of ocean-atmosphere exchange of ammonia A comparison of high and low latitudes reveals the fundamental importance of temperature. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 22, GB1019, doi 10.1029/2007GB003039. 

Zepp R. G., Miller W. L., Burke R. A., Parsons D. A. B., and Scholes M. C. (1996) Effects of moisture and burning on soil-atmosphere exchange of trace carbon gases in a southern African savanna. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23699-23706. 

Baldocchi D. D., Hicks B. B., and Meyers T. P. (1988) Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology 69(5), 1331-1340. 

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