Speciation atmosphere

Gibb, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C., and Liss, P. S. (1999a). Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13(1), 161—178. 

Solar radiation drives a number of chemical transformations of mercury. These include (i) atmospheric speciation and deposition, (ii) oxidation-reduction in both freshwater and seawater, and (iii) methyl mercury degradation. Both biotic and abiotic redox reactions are influenced. While microbes have been thought to dominate methyl mercury production, abiotic formation cannot be... 

Three atmospheric sites in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and in close proximity to the Bay itself, were continuously monitored in 1997/98 as part of a large EPA-funded study of the atmospheric speciation of metals and organic contaminants and of the concentration of these constituents in wet and dry deposition (77, 18, 20, 21). There was an urban site, located on the roof of the Science Center (SC) in downtown Baltimore (Figure 1) and two more rural sites. These sites were the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (CBL) at the mouth of the Patuxent River (about 60 km from the nearest city) and Stillpond (STP), on the eastern shore of the northern Chesapeake Bay and within 20 km of Baltimore (Figure 1). Previous studies occupied sites at Elms, Wye and Lewes (Figure 1) and a site in western Maryland near Frostburg (FRB). 

Acid Deposition. Acid deposition, the deposition of acids from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth, can be dry or wet. Dry deposition involves acid gases or their precursors or acid particles coming in contact with the earth s surface and thence being retained. The principal species associated with dry acid deposition are S02(g), acid sulfate particles, ie, H2SO4 and NH HSO, and HN02(g). Measurements of dry deposition are quite sparse, however, and usually only speciated as total and total NO3. In general, dry acid deposition is estimated to be a small fraction of the total... 

The high concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere plays a central role in the photochemistry and chemical reactivity of the atmosphere. Atmospheric oxygen also defines the oxidation reduction potential of surface waters saturated with oxygen. The presence of oxygen defines the speciation of many other aquatic species in surface waters. 

Lindberg SE, Stratton WJ. 1998. Atmospheric mercury speciation concentrations and behavior of reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air. Environ Sci Technol 32 49-57. 

Sprovieri F, Pirrone N, Gardfeldt K, Sommar J. 2003. Atmospheric mercury speciation in the marine boundary layer along 6000 km cruise path over the Mediterranean Sea. Atmos Environ 37(S1) 63-72. 

Stratton WJ, Lindberg SE, Perry C J. 2001. Atmospheric mercury speciation critical evaluation of a mist chamber method for measuring reactive gaseous mercury. Environ Sci Technol 35 170-177. 

The nomenclature of nickel compounds should be further standardized (WHO 1991). Analytical methods must be developed and standardized in order to facilitate speciation of nickel compounds in atmospheric emissions, biological materials, and in other environmental samples (NAS 1975 WHO 1991). Studies are needed to elucidate the biogeochemical nickel cycle on a global scale and determine its potential for long-range transport (WHO 1991). 

Rosenberg, E. (2003). The potential of organic (electrospray- and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) mass spectrometric techniques coupled to liquid-phase separation for speciation analysis. /. Chromatogr. A 1000, 841 — 889. 

Slemr F, Schuster G, Seiler W. 1985. Distribution, speciation, and budget of atmospheric mercury. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 3 407-434. 

For the determination of organotin compounds (tributyltin, triphenyltin, triethyltin, and tetra-ethyltin) a MAE is proposed before the normal phase (NP) HPLC/UV analysis [35], In organotin and arsenic speciation studies, hydride generation is the most popular derivatization method, combined with atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or ICP techniques [25,36], Both atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS and electrospray ionization ESI-MS are employed in the determination of butyltin, phenyltin, triphenyltin, and tributyltin in waters and sediments [37], A micro LC/ESI-ion trap MS method has been recently chosen as the official EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) method (8323) [38] it permits the determination of mono-, di-, and tri- butyltin, and mono-, di-, and tri-phenyltin at concentration levels of a subnanogram per liter and has been successfully applied in the analysis of freshwaters and fish [39], Tributyltin in waters has been also quantified through an automated sensitive SPME LC/ESI-MS method [40],... 

Brzezinska-Paudyn A, VanLoon JC, Balicki MR. 1986. Multielement analysis and mercury speciation in atmospheric samples from the Toronto area. Water Air Soil Pollut 27 45-56. 

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