Atmosphere sampling and analysis

Dolzine, T. W., Esposito, G. G., and Rinehart, D. S., Determination of hydrogen cyanide in air by ion chromatography, in Toxic Materials in the Atmosphere Sampling and Analysis, ASTM special technical publication 786, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1982, 142. 

Krey, P.W. and Nicholson, K.W. (2001). Atmospheric sampling and analysis for detection of nuclear proliferation, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 248, 605-610. 

Where the atmosphere of a workplace is likely to be contaminated, sampling and analysis of the atmosphere may need to be carried out on a periodic basis with a frequency determined by conditions. 

Stevens RK, Dzubay TG, Russwurm GM, Rickel D. 1978. Sampling and analysis of atmospheric sulfates and related species. Atmos Environ 12 55-68. 

Consideration is given to the toxicity of nitrosamines formed during rubber vulcanisation in the presence of certain accelerators, the mechanisms by which they are formed, and French, German and European Union regulations relating to nitrosamines in the workplace atmosphere and in rubber products. Methods used in the sampling and analysis of nitrosamines are also described. 6 refs. 

ASTM. 1991. Standard practice for sampling and analysis of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyis in indoor atmospheres. American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM designation D4861-91. p366-379. 

Intersociety Committee. Tentative method for continuous monitoring of atmospheric oxidant with amperometric instruments, pp. 341-350. In Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis. Washington, D.C. American Public Health Association, 1972. 

Johnson, R.L. Shah, J.J., Huntzlcker, J.J. "Analysis of organic, elemental, and carbonate carbon in ambient aerosols", in "Sampling and Analysis of Toxic Organics in the Atmosphere", American Society for Testing and Materials, STP 721, Philadelphia,... 

Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Sulfates and Related Species. Atmos. Environ. 1978, 55. 

A detailed protocol for laboratory validation of sampling and analytical methods for toxic substances in workplace environments is given in Figure 1. The literature was searched and a method of sampling and analysis was selected. The next step was to evaluate and, if necessary, develop an analytical method that was compatible with the sampling medium. If a satisfactory analytical method became available only then did we undertake generation of a test atmosphere. Then samples were collected with the appropriate collection medium. Both capacity and collection efficiency were evaluated. 

A method for sampling and analysis of the metallic dusts and fumes is necessary to assess the exposure of workers to these dusts. Personal sampling devices are used to collect samples from the work-place atmosphere in a representative manner. The samples are then analyzed by convenient analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

Sampling and analysis of several metal fumes were investigated in order to develop a reliable method for monitoring work place atmospheres. Significant results are listed below. 

Direct sampling and analysis of the effluent stream may be used to determine the solubility of the heavy phase in the volatile component (often a supercritical fluid). Alternatively, the composition can be determined from the total volume of gas (i.e., of the supercritical fluid after expansion) passed through the saturator, and from the known mass of solute extracted during die sample-collecting period. The efflluent stream is expanded to atmospheric pressure via an expansion valve. Then it passes through a cold trap, where the extract is quantitatively precipitated or condensed, and finally proceeds to a dry-test or a wet-test gas meter or other device, where the total amount of the passed gas is measured. The amount of extracted solute... 

Rothweiler, H., Wager, P.A. and Schlatter, C. (1990) Comparison of Tenax TA and Carbotrap for sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds in air. Atmospheric Environment, 25B (2), 231-5. 

This paper describes some of the techniques used to generate synthetic atmospheres of toxic materials. The work was part of a study supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to develop and validate methods for sampling and analysis of various materials found in the workplace atmosphere and was a joint effort of SRI International and Arthur D. Little, Inc. Emphasis was placed on reproducible and reliable generation techniques that could be used for a wide variety of compounds. Unique methods were devised for certain difficult materials. Over 230 compounds were studied, including gases, vapors, fumes, and... 

Early experiments in our laboratory were concerned with methods for sampling and analysis of TDAL from formulations (6), insects (7) and from the forest atmosphere (8). This work was largely founded upon concepts developed previously by Beroza e t al. (9, 10, 11). Since then, several other groups have applied these concepts to the measurement of a number of different insect pheromone release rates (12, 13). On the basis of our early findings, we were convinced that the existing laboratory techniques for release rate determination from formulations were inadequate. Laboratory tested formulations did not experience the extremes of climatic variation which are the norm in the field and consequently the release rate results were not transferable to field performance. 

The SRC s used in this study were obtained from the SRC process demonstration unit operated by Southern Services Inc. in Wilsonville, Alabama. Three SRC s were studied and these products were derived from the following coals Illinois No. 6 Burning Star, Illinois No. 6 Monterey, and Wyodak (Amax). The as-received SRC s were wet owing to a water quench and therefore each SRC was dried carefully before sampling and analysis. The vacuum resid was prepared by laboratory vacuum distillation of an atmospheric resid obtained from a commercial refinery source. The identification and source of the coal liquid samples used in this study along with other pertinent information are presented in Table I. 

A scrubber efficiency of 99% allows a maximum of 1% of the HCl entering the scrubber to be emitted to the atmosphere. The latest regulations covered in the Federal Register (April 27, 1990) require HCl emissions to be based on a risk assessment, the same as metals. Most often, this may be well above the 99% requirement. This sampling standard implicitly requires, in some cases, sampling and analysis to measure the HCl in the stack gas (see Problem STC.5 in Chapter 5). 

Spee T. 1986. Evaluation of an ISO (International Standards Organization) draft proposal for sampling and analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent vapours in work-place atmospheres. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47 27-36. 

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