General Circulation of the Atmosphere

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change, Second Edition, by John H. Seinfeld and Spyros N. Pandis. Copyright 2006 John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

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Do changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean take place ... 

The weather of the Baltic Sea is mainly determined by a westerly air flow at the surface and in the upper air. This west-wind jet stream is particularly marked in the upper air over central and northern Europe and thus over the Baltic Sea. The jet results from the general circulation of the atmosphere over the Northern Hemisphere. 

Phillips NA (1956) The general circulation of the atmosphere a numerical experiment. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 82 123-164... 

The solar radiation incident on a unit horizontal surface at the top of the atmosphere. It is sometimes referred to as solar irradiance. The latitudinal variation of insolation supplies the energy for the general circulation of the atmosphere. Insolation depends on the angle of incidence of the solar beam and on the solar constant, instantaneous transpiration efficiency... 

The potential of numerical weather prediction technique to study the chmate of the atmosphere was recognized in early days of numerical weather prediction when Norman A. PhiUips succeeded in 1956 an extended time integration of a two-level quasi-geostrophic model, starting fiom an atmosphere at rest. He demonstrated that marty features of the general circulation of the atmosphere could be simulated by the model. Since then mar general circulation models (GCMs) have been started to develop based on the primitive-eqrration model formrrlation (Sec-... 

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