At a glance

In the maximum-likelihood method used here, the "true" value of each measured variable is also found in the course of parameter estimation. The differences between these "true" values and the corresponding experimentally measured values are the residuals (also called deviations). When there are many data points, the residuals can be analyzed by standard statistical methods (Draper and Smith, 1966). If, however, there are only a few data points, examination of the residuals for trends, when plotted versus other system variables, may provide valuable information. Often these plots can indicate at a glance excessive experimental error, systematic error, or "lack of fit." Data points which are obviously bad can also be readily detected. If the model is suitable and if there are no systematic errors, such a plot shows the residuals randomly distributed with zero means. This behavior is shown in Figure 3 for the ethyl-acetate-n-propanol data of Murti and Van Winkle (1958), fitted with the van Laar equation. 

We present two optical methods for characterizing wire surfaces. These methods allow us to measure the roughness and the correlation length of the surface. It is also possible to identify qualitatively, at a glance, the variations of the roughness along a wire or among its different zones. 

This method of displaying the data makes it most comfortable for the tester to evaluate large numbers of single measurements ( shots ) at a glance. 

Status Clear It should be possible to see at a glance if equipment has been assembled or installed incorrectly or whether a valve is in the open or shut position. For example-. 

In particular we thought it would be useful to include cross-references of functional group transformations and an experimental procedure, so that the reader will be able to evaluate the reaction conditions at a glance for instance is this reaction carried out at room temperature or at 200 C For 1 h or 5 days Are special catalysts required How is the reaction worked up, what yield can be expected ... 

Graphic User Interface (GUI)—This consists of screens, which would enable the operator to easily interrogate the system and to visually see where the instruments are installed and their values at any point of time. By carefully designed screens, the operator will be able to view at a glance the relative positions of all values, thus, fully understanding the operation of the machinery. 

By making the status of equipment clear. Thus, figure-8 plates are better than slip-plates, as the position of the former is obvious at a glance, and valves with rising spindles are better than valves in which the spindle does not rise. Ball valves are friendly if the handles cannot be replaced in the wrong position. 

Once the worker has a display which enables the whole furnace unit to be monitored at a glance, it is then necessary to supply more detailed information on each individual furnace. This display should represent the process in a way which facilitates comprehension of the heat transfer stages and provides all relevant information required to fulfill the objecHves of safe and efficient firing. Figure 7.17 presents a recommended graphic display at a more detailed level of system description. 

The event tree model is started from the initial occurrence and built upon by sequencing tlie possible events and safety systems tliat come into play. Tlie model displays at a glance, branches of events tliat relate tlie proper functioning or failure of a safety device or s) Stem and tlte ultimate consequence. 

As is apparent at a glance, cortisone is an intricate molecule with a wealth of functionality. Steroid transformations in the corticoid series require serious strategic planning in order to provide the appropriate protecting groups and to introduce substituents in the proper order. It is therefore easy in a discussion of this chemistry to get lost in a welter of detail. 

From this method of entry, the engineer can observe at a glance if the planned maintenance program is effective... 

Most lH chemical shifts fall within the range of 0 to 10 8, which can be divided into the five regions shown in Table 13.2. By remembering the positions of these regions, it s often possible to tell at a glance what kinds of protons a molecule contains. 

The whole chromatogram can be taken in at a glance and an immediate comparative evaluation can be made. 

Bray KL (2001) High Pressure Probes of Electronic Structure and Luminescence Properties of Transition Metal and Lanthanide Systems. 213 1-94 Brinckmann J (2005) Collagens at a Glance. 247 1-6 Bronstein LM (2003) Nanoparticles Made in Mesoporous Solids. 226 55-89 Bronstrup M (2003) High Throughput Mass Spectrometry for Compound Characterization in Drug Discovery. 225 275-294... 

Because aqueous solutions containing ions play a central role in the world around us, the chemistry of such solutions is discussed in depth in several chapters of this book. To understand the chemishy of aqueous solutions containing ions, it is essential that you leant to recognize the common ions at a glance. This is especially true of the polyatomic ions. 

Playfair J.H.L. 992) Immunology at a Glance, 5th edn. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications. Roitt I.M. 99A) Essential Immunology, 8th edn. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications. Schreiber S.L. Crabtree G.R (1992) The mechanisms of action of cyclosporin A and FK506. Immunol Today, 13, 136-142. 

Scheme 4.2 shows various organic reaction types and Figure 4.5 shows their corresponding radial pentagons based on actual experimental data. When these diagrams are compared side by side it is possible to visualize at a glance which types of reactions are better atom economical and reaction mass efficient performers than others. In particular, it is possible to pick out which of the four factors in equation (4.1) is responsible for a low or high RME... 

A laboratory shift table is a tabular display that can show you how a population s laboratory data change, or shift, over time. Often you want to see what happens to the patients lab values after therapeutic intervention. Did certain lab parameters drop below or above normal range Are there laboratory tests that have become of clinical concern A shift table can provide this information at a glance. Although the example that follows is focused on laboratory data, a shift table can be used to show the movement of any categorical data over time. 

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