Asymmetric synthesis hydrogenation

R)-(-)-2,2-Diphenylcyclopentanol (1) is a highly effective chiral auxiliary in asymmetric synthesis. Hydrogenation of chiral 0-acetamidocrotonates derived from this alcohol has afforded the corresponding 0-amido esters with high diastereoselectivity (96% de).6 In addition, (R)-1 has been used as a chiral auxiliary in Mn(lll)-based oxidative free-radical cyclizations to provide diastereomerically enriched cycloalkanones (60% de).7 Our interest in (R)-(-)-2,2-diphenylcyclopentanol is its utility as a chiral auxiliary in Lewis acid-promoted, asymmetric nitroalkene [4+2] cycloadditions. The 2-(acetoxy)vinyl ether derived from alcohol (R)-1 is useful for the asymmetric synthesis of 3-hydroxy-4-substituted pyrrolidines from nitroalkenes (96% ee).8 In a similar fashion, a number of enantiomerically enriched (71-97% ee) N-protected, 3-substituted pyrrolidines have been prepared in two steps from 2-substituted 1-nitroalkenes and (R)-2,2-diphenyl-1-ethenoxycyclopentane (2) (see Table).9... 

Asymmetric synthesis is a method for direct synthesis of optically active amino acids and finding efficient catalysts is a great target for researchers. Many exceUent reviews have been pubHshed (72). Asymmetric syntheses are classified as either enantioselective or diastereoselective reactions. Asymmetric hydrogenation has been appHed for practical manufacturing of l-DOPA and t-phenylalanine, but conventional methods have not been exceeded because of the short life of catalysts. An example of an enantio selective reaction, asymmetric hydrogenation of a-acetamidoacryHc acid derivatives, eg, Z-2-acetamidocinnamic acid [55065-02-6] (6), is shown below and in Table 4 (73). 

The most recent, and probably most elegant, process for the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-estrone appHes a tandem Claisen rearrangement and intramolecular ene-reaction (Eig. 23). StereochemicaHy pure (185) is synthesized from (2R)-l,2-0-isopropyhdene-3-butanone in an overall yield of 86% in four chemical steps. Heating a toluene solution of (185), enol ether (187), and 2,6-dimethylphenol to 180°C in a sealed tube for 60 h produces (190) in 76% yield after purification. Ozonolysis of (190) followed by base-catalyzed epimerization of the C8a-hydrogen to a C8P-hydrogen (again similar to conversion of (175) to (176)) produces (184) in 46% yield from (190). Aldehyde (184) was converted to 9,11-dehydroestrone methyl ether (177) as discussed above. The overall yield of 9,11-dehydroestrone methyl ether (177) was 17% in five steps from 6-methoxy-l-tetralone (186) and (185) (201). 

An early success story in the field of catalytic asymmetric synthesis is the Monsanto Process for the commercial synthesis of l-DOPA (4) (see Scheme 1), a rare amino acid that is effective in the treatment of Parkinson s disease.57 The Monsanto Process, the first commercialized catalytic asymmetric synthesis employing a chiral transition metal complex, was introduced by W. S. Knowles and coworkers and has been in operation since 1974. This large-scale process for the synthesis of l-DOPA (4) is based on catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation, and its development can be... 

Ohkuma, T. Kitamaura, M. and Noyori, R. (2000) Asymmetric hydrogenations, in Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis (ed. I. Ojima), 2nd edn, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, New York. 

Koenig KE (1985) Apphcabihty of asymmetric hydrogenation. In Morrison JD (ed) Asymmetric synthesis, vol 5. Academic Press, New York, chap 3... 

Only a few other cobalt complexes of the type covered in this review (and therefore excluding, for example, the cobalt carbonyls) have been reported to act as catalysts for homogeneous hydrogenation. The complex Co(DMG)2 will catalyze the hydrogenation of benzil (PhCOCOPh) to benzoin (PhCHOHCOPh). When this reaction is carried out in the presence of quinine, the product shows optical activity. The degree of optical purity varies with the nature of the solvent and reaches a maximum of 61.5% in benzene. It was concluded that asymmetric synthesis occurred via the formation of an organocobalt complex in which quinine was coordinated in the trans position (133). Both Co(DMG)2 and cobalamin-cobalt(II) in methanol will catalyze the following reductive methylations ... 

As another successful application of Noyori s TsDPEN ligand, Yan et al. reported the synthesis of antidepressant duloxetine, in 2008. Thus, the key step of this synthesis was the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of 3-(dime-thylamino)-l-(thiophen-2-yl)propan-l-one performed in the presence of (5,5)-TsDPEN Ru(II) complex and a HCO2H TEA mixture as the hydrogen donor. The reaction afforded the corresponding chiral alcohol in both high yield and enantioselectivity, which was further converted in two steps into expected (5)-duloxetine, as shown in Scheme 9.17. 

The quest for more economic and greener routes has triggered a lot of developments in reductive asymmetric synthesis tools based on prochiral molecules during the past two decades. Very powerful hydrogenation tools have been developed, for which William S. Knowles and Ryoji Nyori received the 2001 Noble Prize in Chemistry [30]. 

A similar strategy served to carry out the last step of an asymmetric synthesis of the alkaloid (—)-cryptopleurine 12. Compound 331, prepared from the known chiral starting material (l )-( )-4-(tributylstannyl)but-3-en-2-ol, underwent cross-metathesis to 332 in the presence of Grubbs second-generation catalyst. Catalytic hydrogenation of the double bond in 332 with simultaneous N-deprotection, followed by acetate saponification and cyclization under Mitsunobu conditions, gave the piperidine derivative 333, which was transformed into (—)-cryptopleurine by reaction with formaldehyde in the presence of acid (Scheme 73) <2004JOC3144>. 

Annual Volume 71 contains 30 checked and edited experimental procedures that illustrate important new synthetic methods or describe the preparation of particularly useful chemicals. This compilation begins with procedures exemplifying three important methods for preparing enantiomerically pure substances by asymmetric catalysis. The preparation of (R)-(-)-METHYL 3-HYDROXYBUTANOATE details the convenient preparation of a BINAP-ruthenium catalyst that is broadly useful for the asymmetric reduction of p-ketoesters. Catalysis of the carbonyl ene reaction by a chiral Lewis acid, in this case a binapthol-derived titanium catalyst, is illustrated in the preparation of METHYL (2R)-2-HYDROXY-4-PHENYL-4-PENTENOATE. The enantiomerically pure diamines, (1 R,2R)-(+)- AND (1S,2S)-(-)-1,2-DIPHENYL-1,2-ETHYLENEDIAMINE, are useful for a variety of asymmetric transformations hydrogenations, Michael additions, osmylations, epoxidations, allylations, aldol condensations and Diels-Alder reactions. Promotion of the Diels-Alder reaction with a diaminoalane derived from the (S,S)-diamine is demonstrated in the synthesis of (1S,endo)-3-(BICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPT-5-EN-2-YLCARBONYL)-2-OXAZOLIDINONE. 

The asymmetric synthesis achieved when the base is an optically active one is proof that the base is present in a transition state with the carbonyl and not just an agent for removal of protons from hydrogen cyanide. It has further been shown that asymmetric synthesis is still achieved even if the only optically active molecules present are quaternary ammonium compounds, i.e., positive ions without any protons to donate. This probably means that the important thing is to have some positive ion near the carbonyl oxygen, an actual covalent... 

Acid- and base-promoted methods have also been used in the syntheses of pyrazoles. Hydrogenation of methyl 2-Cbz(hydrazine)-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethoxybutanoate 11 followed by cyclization in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid afforded the first asymmetric synthesis of the (4S,5.R)-5-carbomethoxy-4-hydroxy-A2-pyrazoline 12 <00TL8795>. Reaction of 2-nitrobenzyl triphenylphosphonium ylide (13) with aiyl isocyanates afforded 2-aryl-2H-indazoles 14 <00TL9893>. Base-promoted reaction of nitrobenzenes 15 with aryl imines 16 afforded aryl pyrazoles 17 . 

The hydrogenation of ketones with O or N functions in the a- or / -position is accomplished by several rhodium compounds [46 a, b, e, g, i, j, m, 56], Many of these examples have been applied in the synthesis of biologically active chiral products [59]. One of the first examples was the asymmetric synthesis of pantothenic acid, a member of the B complex vitamins and an important constituent of coenzyme A. Ojima et al. first described this synthesis in 1978, the most significant step being the enantioselective reduction of a cyclic a-keto ester, dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2,3-furandione, to D-(-)-pantoyl lactone. A rhodium complex derived from [RhCl(COD)]2 and the chiral pyrrolidino diphosphine, (2S,4S)-N-tert-butoxy-carbonyl-4-diphenylphosphino-2-diphenylphosphinomethyl-pyrrolidine ((S, S) -... 

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