ASSESSMENT METHODS Objectives

The issue of sensibvity of different objective assessment methods has been discussed extensively in earber editions of this volume (Spiegel and Aebi, 1983, p.75, SpiegeL 1989, p.72). The-somewhat updated — conclusions were as follows. 

Hayashi and Kitawaki, 1992] Hayashi, S. and Kitawaki, N. (1992). An objective quality assessment method for bit-reduction coding of wideband speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 92 106-113. 

ITURsgl0con9714, 1997] ITURsgl0con9714 (1997). Report on the fourth meeting of ITU-R Task Group 10/4, objective perceptual audio quality assessment methods. ITU-R Task Group 10/4. Contribution 10-4/14. 

For instrumental evaluation spectrophotometers are preferred. The colorimetric values obtained depend on the instrument and its instantaneous state (chiefly the sample illumination conditions) and must be controlled by suitable methods [174], The influence of the instrument can be eliminated by conversion to the standard illumination D 65, representing daylight with a correlated color temperature of 6504 K [175]. The degree of whiteness and the tint values can then be calculated from these colorimetric data with appropriate formulas. A selection of currently used whiteness formulas can be found in [176,177], For recent attempts at standardizing the assessment methods for white objects, see [9,178-185],... 

The categories may differ (Table 18.7) with respect to the LCA of different products (or the object of LCA) or assessment methods.12-14... 

Extrapolation methods are used for various types of risk assessment. Methods may be used in the process of deriving environmental quality objectives, in the registration of new substances, and in the process of site-specific risk assessment. Suter (1993) called these approaches prospective (the former 2) and retrospective (the latter) risk assessments. The specific process in which extrapolation methods are used has implications for the concepts to be applied and the data to be used as input in extrapolation. Strictly described approaches are in place for the derivation of environmental quality criteria (EQCs) and the registration of pesticides and newly developed substances. The prescribed approaches for deriving EQCs can differ between jurisdictions. The approaches for retrospective investigations have more degrees of freedom. A characteristic of the latter approach is that the methods can make use of measured local exposure levels and can estimate local risk with known precision (or known uncertainty ). The latter is uncommon for EQCs. 

Barry s inclusive, collaborative DCM assessment endeavors at MMCC in the last chapter parallel Jane and Maureen s communal assessment methods at UNR in the next. At both institutions, the DCM processes involved multiple in-house stakeholders, and ultimately, led to published reports for external audiences. While Barry s DCM study constructed shared institutional assessment values and tools, Jane and Maureen s DCM study produced mutual general education assessment values and tools. Just as Barry created an assessment model that links programmatic and classroom goals, Jane and Maureen strove to close the loop between administrative and pedagogical objectives. (Stalions)... 

According to Armstrong and Fildes (1995), the objective of a forecast accuracy measure is to provide an informative and clear understanding of the error distribution. Theoretically, when the forecast errors are randomly structured, the form of the forecasts is independent of the selected accuracy measure. Otherwise, it is generally accepted that there is no single best accuracy measure, and deciding on the assessment method is essentially subjective. In this study, a simple form of relative error (E) is selected as the forecast accuracy measure, since it offers a number of desirable properties ... 

ABSTRACT This paper highlights some aspects of the many facets of electricity distribution system risk assessment - describing the different risk consequence categories which are relevant in the whole risk picture with regards to their characteristics, their type of impact and apphcable risk analysis methods. The paper illustrates that distribution system asset management constitutes of a variety of more or less conflicting objectives - and that there is no single risk assessment method which cover all the different aspects of distribution system risk. 

Formative and summative assessments are used during the course to evaluate the achievement of the learning objectives. Example assessment methods and results are discussed in the paper. Also discussed are the results of recent teaching evaluations, which show that the students value this approach to course design and organization. 

Q3 - Adequacy of the assessment methods to the defined objectives (1 - Lower 5 - Higher) ... 

Assessment methods have to be designed in order to collect the facts about the student learning based on the data collected through rubrics for the activity. Even the assessment process can be iterative so that the methods used for assessment can be refined in order to measure student learning accurately [10-12]. Thus the measurement methods introduced should be able to measure the level of attainment of objectives set for the activity [3, 6]. This in turn will help teachers to monitor and improve student learning [4]. 

Risk assessment methods are used to decide on priorities and to set objectives for eliminating hazards and reducing risks. Wherever possible, risks are eliminated through selection and design of facilities, equipment and processes. If risks cannot be eliminated, they are minimized by the use of physical controls or, as a last resort, through systems of work and personal protective equipment. 

The underlying objective of this report series is to ensure that the information on the current assessment methods and ageing management techniques is available to all involved, directly and indirectly, in the operation of NPPs in IAEA Member States. The target... 

Often authors analyze in detail the separate objects of infrastructure. They used the criticality assessment methods, such as Failure Modes their Effects and Criticality Analysis [Hammoum et al,... 

The criticality assessment method was used in the paper [Augutis et al, in press 2014]. The infrastructure system is supplemented by new objects. The criticality of elements of gas supply system was evaluated according to the presented method and performed important measurement (Fussell-Vesely and Birnbaum) of those elements. Also the logistic regression analysis was used for the first time to assess the components influence on system criticality value. 

Wang and Yao [23] used fuzzy priority similarity comparison method to assess the crease recovery of fabrics. The most similar specified samples were selected from the established set of arguments to the sample on the basis of the fuzzy closeness. The authors inferred that the grade of fabric s crease recovery can be assessed more objectively and correctly by using the fuzzy priority similarity comparison method. In addition, the proposed method of assessing the crease recovery has high consistency with practice. 

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