Aspartic acid, carbohydrate-based

Figure 9.1 shows the tridimensional structure of chloroperoxidase where some potential modification sites are marked. These include side chains of amino acids such as lysine, histidine, and aspartic acid, as well as the propionates from the heme group and carbohydrate moieties. To illustrate how enzyme technology has impacted the development of biocatalysts based on peroxidases, we highlight important aspects described in literature immobilization, chemical and genetic modification of peroxidases. 

VII. Chiral Analogs of Nylon-3 Prepared from Carbohydrate-Based Aspartic Acid-like Derivatives... 

C. Liu, Y. Chen, J. Chen, Synthesis and characteristics of pH-sen-sitive semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels based on konjac glucomannan and poly (aspartic acid) for in vitro drug delivery, Carbohydr. Polym. 79 (2010) 500-506. 

Shu S, Zhang X, Teng D, Wang Z, Li C. Polyelectrolyte nanoparticles based on water-soluble chitosan-poly(L-aspartic acid)-polyethylene glycol for controlled protein release. Carbohydr Res. 2009 344(10) 1197-204. 

Aminolysis of the intact rings with taurine leads to the formation of poly(2-sulfoethyl aspartamide) silica and the reaction with ethanolamine to the formation of poly(2-hydroxyethyl aspartamide) silica. Poly(succinimide)-based silica phases are manufactured by PolyLC (Columbia, MD, USA) under the trade names of PolyCAT A for poly(aspartic acid) silica, PolySulfoethyl A for poly(2-sulfoethyl aspartamide) silica, and PolyHydroxyethyl A for poly(2-hydroxyethyl aspartamide) silica. All three poly(succinimide)-based columns have a pore size of 200 A and a surface area of 188 m /g. Various poly(succinimide)-based columns have been used for the separation of carbohydrates, phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated amino acids, petides and glycopeptides, oligonucleotides, and various other polar analytes under HILIC conditions, but lately lost some of their momentum due to a lower chromatographic efficiency in comparison to more modern HILIC phases and column bleed [44]. 

Electrochemical transducers work based on either an amperometric, potentio-metric, or conductometric principle. Further, chemically sensitive semiconductors are under development. Commercially available today are sensors for carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, galactose, the artificial sweetener NutraSweet, for urea, creatinine, uric acid, lactate, ascorbate, aspirin, alcohol, amino acids and aspartate. The determinations are mainly based on the detection of simple co-substrates and products such as 02, H202, NH3, or C02 [142]. 

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