Polymer artificial

Uyama H, Kobayashi S (1996) Enzymatic ring-opening polymerization of macrolides to polyesters. In Yalpani M (ed) Biomedical functions and biotechnology of natural and artificial polymers. ATL Press, Schrewsbury, p 5... 

In this section, we comprehensively focused on the controlled synthesis, chiroptical characterization, and manipulation of optically active poly(dialkyl-silane)s. Although many artificial polymers adopting preferential screw sense... 

H Kawaguchi. In M Yalpani, ed. Biomedical Functions and Biotechnology of Natural and Artificial Polymers. Mount Prospect ATL Press, 1996, pp 157-168. 

Figure 8.29. Ion transport mechanisms through lipid membranes in living cells. There are principally two kinds of transport protein (a) channel proteins, that is, a channelforming ionophore, and (b) carrier proteins, that is, a mobile ion carrier ionophore. The phenomena observed in living cells have much in common with those in artificial polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes. (From Widmer, 1993.)...

The visualization of individual macromolecules demonstrates the potential of AFM methodologies to interrogate soft condensed matter at the level of the fundamental constituents. There are many examples of imaging single DNA and related biologically relevant shape-persistent macromolecules [20], but these will be treated in Sect. 3.3. Here we will focus on man-made artificial polymers and macromolecules, including dendrimers. The literature of AFM studies on shape-persistent macromolecules has been reviewed by Sheiko and Moller and the reader is referred to this paper for further reference [21]. 

Customized adsorbents are available with low-molecular-weight chemical ligands as well as with natural (proteins, poly-nucleotides) or artificial polymers. 

A separate group of thermoplastic binders for inhibited CM form artificial polymers, in particular plastics produced by chemical processing of cellulose. They are largely cellulose ethers (etrols), namely ethylates, acetobutyrates, acetates. 

The first plastics were actually developed during the last half of the 19th century. Paper is composed to a significant extent of the natural polymer cellulose and closely related substances. Treatment of paper with nitric acid produced the first (semi-) artificial polymer, nitrocellulose. Dissolution of nitrocellulose in alcohol/ether gave a viscous solution (collodion) which forms a hard film upon solvent evaporation. The polymer thus formed was quite flammable. An improved product based on nitrocellulose, termed celluloid, was molded into... 

Silicon s bond to oxygen is two-and-a-half times the strength of a silicon-silicon bond so strong that in nature, silicon is exclusively bound to oxygen. We could conceive of a biochemistry based on silicon-oxygen polymers of the form —Si—O—Si—O—Si—O— artificial polymers of this type (silicones) are common. Unfortunately, the silicon-oxygen bond is too strong. It is hard to break—as one would want to in order to work with biomolecules. 

The synthesis of artificial polymers is much less robust. This is a major task of polymer chemistry. This book, however, is meant to concentrate on physics, so we shall not discuss this question in any great detail. Nevertheless, it might help to have some general idea of the methods of polymer synthesis. It would allow us to understand physical properties of polymers better and more profoundly. 

In the two previous chapters we looked at the properties of real polymeric substances. We have come across both artificial polymers, which are used in industry or in everyday life, and natural polymers, the building bricks of life. We only used words to describe them, without any mathematics. However, it was more like a story than a science, so our description was rather superficial. In order to understand polymers better, as always happens in physics, one has to move on from words to mathematics. This is because those who have mastered at least the principles of mathematics give the impression of people with one more sense than other mortals (Charles Darwin ). Moreover, mathematics is the language in which the gods talk to people (Plato). 

---